{ "meta": { "title": "D-Central — ASIC Overclock Headroom by Cooling", "description": "Per-model Bitcoin ASIC overclock headroom (20 rows) across air-stock / air-OC / immersion / factory-hydro cooling — sustainable hashrate, wall watts, efficiency and percent uplift, each A/B/C data-strength graded.", "generated": "2026-07-17T19:52:13+00:00", "last_verified": "July 2026", "version": "1.0", "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "license_name": "CC BY 4.0", "source": "https://d-central.tech/asic-overclock-headroom/", "record_count": 20, "grade_key": "A = Strong (manufacturer datasheet: factory hydro variants + rated air specs); B = Moderate (field/community overclock corroborated by 2+ sources); C = Limited (single-source or estimated).", "provenance": "Manufacturer datasheets (Bitmain, MicroBT) for A-grade rows; immersion-farm / overclocking community reports for B/C rows. NO first-party D-Central bench data — B/C figures are reported field experience, never a D-Central-measured rate.", "disclaimer": "Overclocking beyond stock voids warranties and can damage hardware; sustained figures depend on fluid, ambient, PSU and firmware. Confirm against the manufacturer spec and your own testing before relying on any figure. Manufacturer specs (A) and community/field results (B/C) are never blurred." }, "rows": [ { "model": "Antminer S19 Pro", "chip": "BM1398", "manufacturer": "Bitmain", "cooling_mode": "air-stock", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 110, "wall_watts": 3250, "efficiency_jth": 29.5, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 0, "firmware_mode": "stock", "junction_headroom_note": "Air baseline for the BM1398 'Pro' line. Forced air over finned heatsinks removes heat only from the top of the package; junction temperature (Tj) is the binding limit, so Bitmain rates the board at 110 TH. Reference point the hydro SKU is measured against.", "data_grade": "A", "grade_reason": "Bitmain factory air rating (110 TH / 3250 W / 29.5 J/TH), confirmed against OEM support page.", "source_url": "https://support.bitmain.com/hc/en-us/articles/900000261726-S19-Pro-Specifications", "confidence": "high" }, { "model": "Antminer S19 Pro Hyd (184TH)", "chip": "BM1398", "manufacturer": "Bitmain", "cooling_mode": "hydro-factory", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 184, "wall_watts": 5428, "efficiency_jth": 29.5, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 67.2999999999999971578290569595992565155029296875, "firmware_mode": "factory", "junction_headroom_note": "Same BM1398 silicon on a DENSER hydro hashboard (more chips per board) with a full-board liquid cold-plate; cooler Tj lets Bitmain factory-rate 184 TH at essentially the same 29.5 J/TH (5428/184). CAVEAT: the +67% blends BOTH more/denser chips AND better cooling — it is NOT a like-for-like overclock of the air board.", "data_grade": "A", "grade_reason": "Bitmain factory rating, but 184 TH is the TOP bin of the S19 Pro Hydro line (also ships 170/177 T per OEM/reseller listings); +67% is the best-case bin, not the median. Multi-bin -> confidence medium.", "source_url": "https://support.bitmain.com/hc/en-us/articles/8242056927257-S19-Pro-Hydro-Specifications", "confidence": "medium" }, { "model": "Antminer S19 XP", "chip": "BM1366", "manufacturer": "Bitmain", "cooling_mode": "air-stock", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 141, "wall_watts": 3010, "efficiency_jth": 21.300000000000000710542735760100185871124267578125, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 0, "firmware_mode": "stock", "junction_headroom_note": "Air baseline for the BM1366 (5nm) XP line. Bitmain markets 21.5 J/TH; wall/hashrate division of 3010 W / 141 TH = 21.3. Four-fan forced air caps board power to hold Tj at 141 TH.", "data_grade": "A", "grade_reason": "Bitmain factory air rating, confirmed across OEM/reseller listings (141 TH / 3010 W; a few sheets list 3030 W).", "source_url": "https://www.asicminervalue.com/miners/bitmain/antminer-s19-xp-140th", "confidence": "high" }, { "model": "Antminer S19 XP Hyd (257TH)", "chip": "BM1366", "manufacturer": "Bitmain", "cooling_mode": "hydro-factory", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 257, "wall_watts": 5304, "efficiency_jth": 20.60000000000000142108547152020037174224853515625, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 82.2999999999999971578290569595992565155029296875, "firmware_mode": "factory", "junction_headroom_note": "Same BM1366 chip on a ~2x-density hydro hashboard; whole-board liquid cooling -> 257 TH factory vs 141 TH air (+82%, the largest air->hydro spread here). Marketed 20.8 J/TH; 5304/257 = 20.6 (some sheets list 5345 W). Uplift includes added chip count, not pure OC.", "data_grade": "A", "grade_reason": "Bitmain factory rating, confirmed (support.bitmain.com + multiple resellers); minor wall-power variance 5304-5345 W.", "source_url": "https://support.bitmain.com/hc/en-us/articles/36035119865113-Bitcoin-Miner-S19-XP-Hyd-Specifications", "confidence": "high" }, { "model": "Antminer S19j Pro", "chip": "BM1362", "manufacturer": "Bitmain", "cooling_mode": "air-stock", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 104, "wall_watts": 3068, "efficiency_jth": 29.5, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 0, "firmware_mode": "stock", "junction_headroom_note": "Forced-air baseline: 4x ~35 W fans through one fin stack; junction temps cap sustainable board power at ~3068 W / 104 TH. No factory hydro variant of this SKU.", "data_grade": "A", "grade_reason": "Bitmain factory air rating (104 TH / 3068 W / 29.5 J/TH), confirmed.", "source_url": "https://hashrateindex.com/blog/the-ultimate-hardware-review-bitmain-antminer-s19j-pro/", "confidence": "high" }, { "model": "Antminer S19j Pro", "chip": "BM1362", "manufacturer": "Bitmain", "cooling_mode": "immersion-oc", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 136, "wall_watts": 4000, "efficiency_jth": 29.39999999999999857891452847979962825775146484375, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 30.800000000000000710542735760100185871124267578125, "firmware_mode": "advanced-OC firmware (BraiinsOS autotune)", "junction_headroom_note": "Fans removed, dielectric fluid pulls heat off every surface; Braiins autotune field data ~136 TH at 4000 W (fans-off stock ~109, stock-power tune ~114.5). Requires an uprated PSU. Reported field result, NOT a Bitmain spec or a D-Central bench.", "data_grade": "C", "grade_reason": "DOWNGRADED B->C: rests on a SINGLE vendor source (Braiins, a firmware seller with promotional interest). An independent OC guide puts S19j Pro immersion OC lower at 120-130 TH, so 136 TH is the optimistic top of the range, not a 2-independent-source consensus.", "source_url": "https://braiins.com/blog/economics-immersion-cooling-bitcoin-miners", "confidence": "low" }, { "model": "Antminer S19k Pro", "chip": "BM1366", "manufacturer": "Bitmain", "cooling_mode": "air-stock", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 120, "wall_watts": 2760, "efficiency_jth": 23, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 0, "firmware_mode": "stock", "junction_headroom_note": "Manufacturer-rated forced-air baseline (23 J/TH, BM1366). Junction temps under air limit sustained board power. No factory hydro variant of this SKU.", "data_grade": "A", "grade_reason": "Bitmain factory air rating (120 TH / 2760 W / 23 J/TH), confirmed.", "source_url": "https://minerstat.com/hardware/bitmain-antminer-s19k-pro-120th", "confidence": "high" }, { "model": "Antminer S19k Pro", "chip": "BM1366", "manufacturer": "Bitmain", "cooling_mode": "air-max-oc", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 130, "wall_watts": 3350, "efficiency_jth": 25.800000000000000710542735760100185871124267578125, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 8.300000000000000710542735760100185871124267578125, "firmware_mode": "advanced-OC firmware (VNish/BraiinsOS)", "junction_headroom_note": "On forced air the BM1366 tolerates only ~+8-12% before Tj throttles it; efficiency degrades to ~26 J/TH. Reported community air-OC 130-140 TH; sustainable value taken at the low end (130 TH / 3350 W). Reported result, not a Bitmain spec.", "data_grade": "C", "grade_reason": "Single-source community air-OC estimate -> C.", "source_url": "https://asicmarketplace.com/blog/bitmain-antminer-s19k-pro-detailed-review-specs-efficiency-and-real-world-performance/", "confidence": "low" }, { "model": "Antminer S21", "chip": "BM1368", "manufacturer": "Bitmain", "cooling_mode": "air-stock", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 200, "wall_watts": 3500, "efficiency_jth": 17.5, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 0, "firmware_mode": "stock", "junction_headroom_note": "Air baseline for the BM1368 (5nm) S21 line (S21 and S21 Hyd share BM1368 per D-Central chip canon, NOT BM1366/BM1370). Dual-fan forced air holds Tj at 200 TH / 17.5 J/TH.", "data_grade": "A", "grade_reason": "Bitmain factory air rating, confirmed (200 TH / 3500 W / 17.5 J/TH).", "source_url": "https://miningnow.com/asic-miner/bitmain-antminer-s21-200th-s/", "confidence": "high" }, { "model": "Antminer S21 (air unit in immersion)", "chip": "BM1368", "manufacturer": "Bitmain", "cooling_mode": "immersion-oc", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 235, "wall_watts": 4200, "efficiency_jth": 17.89999999999999857891452847979962825775146484375, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 17.5, "firmware_mode": "advanced-OC firmware (VNish immersion profile)", "junction_headroom_note": "An AIR S21 retrofitted into a dielectric tank (fans removed) — NOT the factory S21 Hydro (335 TH) or S21 Immersion SKU. The air unit's PSU headroom (~4000-4200 W) caps sustainable OC ~235 TH, far below factory-hydro. Extrapolated from S21 air-OC + immersion headroom; do NOT report at factory-hydro numbers.", "data_grade": "C", "grade_reason": "Extrapolated single-source estimate of an air unit in immersion; no independent field corroboration -> C.", "source_url": "https://d-central.tech/antminer-s21-review/", "confidence": "low" }, { "model": "Antminer S21 (air unit, air-OC)", "chip": "BM1368", "manufacturer": "Bitmain", "cooling_mode": "air-max-oc", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 215, "wall_watts": 3850, "efficiency_jth": 17.89999999999999857891452847979962825775146484375, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 7.5, "firmware_mode": "advanced-OC firmware (VNish/LuxOS/BraiinsOS)", "junction_headroom_note": "S21 ships near its efficiency knee, so forced-air OC yields only ~5-15%; reported 215 TH at 3850 W (17.9 J/TH). Single field figure from D-Central's OC guide. Reported result, NOT a Bitmain spec and NOT D-Central-bench-measured.", "data_grade": "C", "grade_reason": "Single-source community/field air-OC estimate, no independent corroboration -> C.", "source_url": "https://d-central.tech/the-ultimate-guide-to-safe-and-effective-antminer-overclocking/", "confidence": "low" }, { "model": "Antminer S21 Hyd (335TH)", "chip": "BM1368", "manufacturer": "Bitmain", "cooling_mode": "hydro-factory", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 335, "wall_watts": 5360, "efficiency_jth": 16, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 67.5, "firmware_mode": "factory", "junction_headroom_note": "Same BM1368 silicon, ~2x-chip hydro hashboard; liquid cold-plate contact -> 335 TH factory vs 200 TH air (+67.5%) AND a modest efficiency gain (16.0 vs 17.5 J/TH, cooler junctions leak less). CAVEAT: uplift includes added chips, not a like-for-like OC.", "data_grade": "A", "grade_reason": "Bitmain factory rating, confirmed (335 TH / 5360 W / 16 J/TH).", "source_url": "https://www.asicminervalue.com/miners/bitmain/antminer-s21-hyd-335th", "confidence": "high" }, { "model": "Antminer S21 XP", "chip": "BM1370", "manufacturer": "Bitmain", "cooling_mode": "air-stock", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 270, "wall_watts": 3645, "efficiency_jth": 13.5, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 0, "firmware_mode": "stock", "junction_headroom_note": "Air baseline for the BM1370 (5nm) XP line — Bitmain's most efficient air miner (13.5 J/TH). Air cooling caps the board at 270 TH.", "data_grade": "A", "grade_reason": "Bitmain factory air rating, confirmed via OEM support page (270 TH / 3645 W / 13.5 J/TH).", "source_url": "https://support.bitmain.com/hc/en-us/articles/35383015643673-S21-XP-Specifications", "confidence": "high" }, { "model": "Antminer S21 XP Hyd (473TH)", "chip": "BM1370", "manufacturer": "Bitmain", "cooling_mode": "hydro-factory", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 473, "wall_watts": 5676, "efficiency_jth": 12, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 75.2000000000000028421709430404007434844970703125, "firmware_mode": "factory", "junction_headroom_note": "Same BM1370 silicon on a hydro hashboard; whole-surface liquid removal -> 473 TH factory vs 270 TH air (+75%) at class-leading 12.0 J/TH (vs 13.5 air). CAVEAT: uplift blends more/denser chips + cooling, not a like-for-like OC.", "data_grade": "A", "grade_reason": "Bitmain factory rating, confirmed via Bitmain support page (473 TH / 5676 W / 12 J/TH).", "source_url": "https://support.bitmain.com/hc/en-us/articles/34523540504857-S21-XP-Hyd-Specification", "confidence": "high" }, { "model": "Whatsminer M30S++", "chip": "MicroBT ASIC (Samsung 8nm)", "manufacturer": "MicroBT", "cooling_mode": "air-stock", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 112, "wall_watts": 3472, "efficiency_jth": 31, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 0, "firmware_mode": "stock", "junction_headroom_note": "Manufacturer-rated forced-air baseline (31 J/TH, Samsung 8nm). Dual-tube air design; Tj caps sustained board power. No factory hydro variant of this SKU.", "data_grade": "A", "grade_reason": "MicroBT factory air rating (112 TH / 3472 W / 31 J/TH), confirmed.", "source_url": "https://www.asicminervalue.com/miners/microbt/whatsminer-m30s-2", "confidence": "high" }, { "model": "Whatsminer M30S++", "chip": "MicroBT ASIC (Samsung 8nm)", "manufacturer": "MicroBT", "cooling_mode": "immersion-oc", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 138, "wall_watts": 4500, "efficiency_jth": 32.60000000000000142108547152020037174224853515625, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 23.199999999999999289457264239899814128875732421875, "firmware_mode": "advanced-OC firmware (VNish immersion profile)", "junction_headroom_note": "Immersion + an uprated (5-5.5 kW-capable) PSU lets the M30S++ hold higher board current fans-off; efficiency degrades to ~32-33 J/TH. Reported ~138 TH at 4500 W. Reported field result, NOT a MicroBT spec.", "data_grade": "C", "grade_reason": "DOWNGRADED B->C: the cited 138.57 TH BiXBiT result is for the M30S+ V70 (100 TH stock) — a DIFFERENT, lower model than the M30S++ (112 TH stock); cross-model misattribution. The second 'Whatsminer firmware ~130 TH' claim is uncited. No 2 independent M30S++-specific sources.", "source_url": "https://bixbit.io/en/documentation/connecting-an-additional-variable-power-supply-unit/6-example-of-m30s-v70-miner-25-overclocking", "confidence": "low" }, { "model": "Whatsminer M50S (126TH)", "chip": "MicroBT 5nm (proprietary SHA-256)", "manufacturer": "MicroBT", "cooling_mode": "air-stock", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 126, "wall_watts": 3276, "efficiency_jth": 26, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 0, "firmware_mode": "stock", "junction_headroom_note": "Air baseline for MicroBT's M5x (5nm) generation (126 TH / 26 J/TH). Dual-fan forced air; heat is removed only from the heatsink face. Reference for the M53S hydro.", "data_grade": "A", "grade_reason": "MicroBT factory air rating (126 TH / 3276 W / 26 J/TH), confirmed.", "source_url": "https://minerstat.com/hardware/microbt-whatsminer-m50s", "confidence": "high" }, { "model": "Whatsminer M53S Hydro (260TH)", "chip": "MicroBT 5nm (proprietary SHA-256)", "manufacturer": "MicroBT", "cooling_mode": "hydro-factory", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 260, "wall_watts": 6760, "efficiency_jth": 26, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 106.2999999999999971578290569595992565155029296875, "firmware_mode": "factory", "junction_headroom_note": "Same M5x-gen (5nm) silicon on a hydro board; direct liquid contact -> ~2x the hashrate at the SAME 26 J/TH. Baseline is the M50S air SKU — a cross-MODEL comparison within the M5x generation, not the same unit. M53/M53S ship in several factory bins (226-276 TH); 260 TH / 6760 W is the bin used.", "data_grade": "A", "grade_reason": "MicroBT factory rating, confirmed (260 TH / 6760 W / 26 J/TH); multi-bin line and cross-model air baseline -> confidence medium.", "source_url": "https://miningnow.com/asic-miner/microbt-whatsminer-m53s-260th-s/", "confidence": "medium" }, { "model": "Whatsminer M60 (172TH)", "chip": "MicroBT 5nm (proprietary SHA-256)", "manufacturer": "MicroBT", "cooling_mode": "air-stock", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 172, "wall_watts": 3422, "efficiency_jth": 19.89999999999999857891452847979962825775146484375, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 0, "firmware_mode": "stock", "junction_headroom_note": "Air baseline for MicroBT's M6x (5nm) generation, 172 TH / 3422 W / 19.9 J/TH. Reference the M63S-series hydro is measured against.", "data_grade": "A", "grade_reason": "MicroBT factory air rating, confirmed (172 TH / 3422 W / 19.9 J/TH).", "source_url": "https://www.asicminervalue.com/miners/microbt/whatsminer-m60-172th", "confidence": "high" }, { "model": "Whatsminer M63S Hydro (390TH)", "chip": "MicroBT 5nm (proprietary SHA-256)", "manufacturer": "MicroBT", "cooling_mode": "hydro-factory", "sustainable_hashrate_th": 390, "wall_watts": 7215, "efficiency_jth": 18.5, "pct_uplift_vs_air_stock": 126.7000000000000028421709430404007434844970703125, "firmware_mode": "factory", "junction_headroom_note": "M6x-gen hydro flagship: dense multi-domain hydro boards with full-surface liquid cooling -> 390 TH vs the 172 TH M60 air (+127%) at 18.5 vs 19.9 J/TH. Cross-MODEL baseline (M63S hydro vs M60 air, same generation). M63S ships in several bins (386/390/406/416 TH); 390 TH / 7215 W used.", "data_grade": "A", "grade_reason": "MicroBT factory rating, confirmed (390 TH / 7215 W / 18.5 J/TH); multi-bin + cross-model baseline -> confidence medium.", "source_url": "https://hashrateindex.com/rigs/microbt-whatsminer-m63s-390-hydro-cooled", "confidence": "medium" } ] }