{
 "meta": {
  "title": "ASIC Reliability / Failure-Mode Index v1",
  "compiled": "2026-06-09",
  "track": "Track D, Wave 1",
  "source_document": "RDR-DATASET.md",
  "provenance": "AGGREGATED FROM PUBLIC SOURCES (BitcoinTalk, GitHub issues, vendor/repair-shop guides, marketplace aggregators, manufacturer support docs). NOT derived from D-Central internal repair tickets. Implies NO proprietary in-house repair count, failure rate, or MTBF.",
  "frequency_qualifier_meaning": "Reflects how often a fault is DESCRIBED in public sources, NOT a measured rate. Allowed values: 'frequently reported', 'occasionally reported', 'single anecdotal report', plus hedged hybrids and 'reported' for vendor-parts-list mentions.",
  "source_count_meaning": "Number of the six research lenses that independently surfaced this component-failure family for this model. A cross-lens corroboration signal, NOT a failure count.",
  "lens_legend": {
   "REDDIT": "Reddit/BitcoinTalk (BitcoinTalk + GitHub quotable primaries; Reddit search-snippet only, flagged)",
   "YT": "YouTube/teardown channels",
   "RCOST": "Repair-cost / service-menu",
   "USED": "Secondary-market used/refurb price",
   "RWEB": "Repair-web (shop blogs, support docs)",
   "OSS": "Open-source GitHub issues"
  },
  "fx_note": "CAD signals are FX-converted estimates only (1 USD ~= 1.37-1.395; EUR/GBP marked VERIFY). Exclude Canadian duty/GST/HST/PST/brokerage/shipping. Never publish as D-Central quotes.",
  "bible_note": "Chip/spec are FACT where Bible-confirmed; 'what fails most' is REPORTED EXPERIENCE. Bitaxe Gamma = BM1370 is CORRECT and preserved.",
  "url": "https://d-central.tech/data/asic-reliability-index/",
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
  "model_count": 30,
  "component_family_count": 102,
  "data_strength_grades": {
   "A": "Strong — the failure pattern is corroborated across multiple independent public sources and research lenses, with repair-cost and at least directional price data.",
   "B": "Moderate — solid failure data, but thinner, conflicting or single-lens supporting evidence on price or secondary detail.",
   "C": "Limited — emerging or sparse public data. Flagged honestly and not padded; treat as indicative only."
  },
  "component_buckets": {
   "hashboard": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
   "power_domain": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
   "control_board": "Control board",
   "fan": "Fan / cooling",
   "psu": "PSU",
   "other": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)"
  }
 },
 "models": [
  {
   "id": "antminer-s19",
   "model": "Antminer S19",
   "category": "Antminer (Bitmain)",
   "manufacturer": "Bitmain",
   "chip": "BM1398",
   "chip_fact": "76 chips / 38 domains / 2 chips per domain / 0.36 V core / 14→19 V boost / PIC16F1704 (U3)",
   "data_strength": "STRONG",
   "grade": "A",
   "families": 7,
   "lenses": [
    "REDDIT",
    "YT",
    "RCOST",
    "RWEB"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/antminer-s19-repair/",
   "repair_label": "Antminer S19 repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "“Chain[x] only find N asic, will power off hash board”; “ASIC75”; “ASICNG:(X)”; “PatternNG”.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Board-level hashboard repair is widely listed around US$100–$175 by third-party shops. D-Central's own tiered pricing runs L1 $95 / L2 $145 / L3 $195 CAD; the repair estimator puts an S19 hashboard at roughly $200–$500 CAD, with a replacement board around $291 CAD. Burn-damaged boards are generally not repairable.",
   "used_signal": "Public marketplace listings clustered around US$300–$900 (range ~US$166–$900; asicprices.com, 2026-06) — roughly CAD $232–$1,256 as an FX-only estimate. A late-2023 reference near US$3,225 shows how steeply the model has depreciated.",
   "caveat": "",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "One dead chip / cold-or-cracked solder joint disables the whole board (downstream chips vanish)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 4,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RCOST",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "#1 most-reported ASIC failure family"
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "0.8V/1.8V filter caps short + per-domain LDO -> domain voltage collapse, '0 chips'",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB",
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": "Hashboard-resident power; board repair not PSU swap"
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "Boost 14V->19V (U9)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally to frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB",
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "fan",
     "component_label": "Fan / cooling",
     "failure_mode": "Cooling fan (175x175x50, 6-pin) -> ERROR_FAN_LOST / 0 RPM",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "Flat ribbon / 18-pin signal cable + connector -> board 'not detected' / 'less link'; cheapest most-common not-detected cause",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "RCOST",
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "cabling"
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "PIC U3 (PIC16F1704) 'Fail to read PIC' (usually actually a cable/connector fault)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "PIC"
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "ESD handling damage (7nm, <100V) / shipping damage",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally to frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB",
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": "ESD/shipping"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "antminer-s19-pro",
   "model": "Antminer S19 Pro",
   "category": "Antminer (Bitmain)",
   "manufacturer": "Bitmain",
   "chip": "BM1398",
   "chip_fact": "114 chips / 38 domains / 3 chips per domain / 0.32 V core / 12.6→20 V boost / PIC (U6) / EEPROM (U10)",
   "data_strength": "MODERATE",
   "grade": "B",
   "families": 5,
   "lenses": [
    "REDDIT",
    "YT",
    "RWEB",
    "RCOST"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/antminer-s19-repair/",
   "repair_label": "Antminer S19-family repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "“Chain 1 only find 109 asic” (72 TH vs 110); “signal interrupted at chip 109, chip 110 is bad”; “0 ASIC chip”.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Served under the S19-family board-level menus (third-party board repair parallels the ~US$100–$175 S19 tier; D-Central tiered as S19). Confirm scope after diagnosis.",
   "used_signal": "Thin and conflicting — do not pin a single number. A late-2023 reference near US$3,734; 2026 used units quoted ~US$2,200–$2,600 with warranty (≈CAD $3,015–$3,560); per-TH math (~US$10–12/TH) implies ~US$1,100–$1,320 for a 110 TH unit (≈CAD $1,500–$1,810). Low confidence.",
   "caveat": "",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "ASIC at chain tail + cold solder joint -> partial chip count",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "pattern frequent; one BitcoinTalk thread anecdote is single"
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "Per-domain filter caps / LDO -> 0 chips, domain voltage drop",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "RWEB",
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "Boost circuit / domain voltage -> 'get power type version failed'",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "New-unit early-life chip 'Abnormal' (factory/early-life defects)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "RCOST"
     ],
     "notes": "Bitmain community"
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "Cascading bricking after SD-reflash (healthy boards entered 'abnormal state')",
     "frequency_qualifier": "single anecdotal report",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT"
     ],
     "notes": "BitcoinTalk 5348903; firmware/cascade"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "antminer-s19j-pro-s19j-pro",
   "model": "Antminer S19j Pro / S19j Pro+",
   "category": "Antminer (Bitmain)",
   "manufacturer": "Bitmain",
   "chip": "BM1362 (S19j Pro+ = BM1362BD)",
   "chip_fact": "126 chips / 42 domains / 3 chips per domain / 0.30 V core",
   "data_strength": "STRONG",
   "grade": "A",
   "families": 6,
   "lenses": [
    "REDDIT",
    "YT",
    "RWEB"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/antminer-s19j-repair/",
   "repair_label": "Antminer S19j repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "“find 0 asic”; “ASIC113” (114 at 115200 baud, 113 at 12M); “PIC sensor NG”.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Board-level repair listed around US$150–$200 (2–3 day turnaround, burn excluded) by third-party shops; D-Central tiered CAD as S19. A skilled-labour job (BGA rework station, 350–380°C, double-tested) underpins the band.",
   "used_signal": "S19j Pro used ~US$297–$980 (asicprices.com; clear data-error rows at $5k–$6.4k excluded) ≈ CAD $414–$1,367. Refurb-with-warranty (96 TH) around US$1,500 (≈CAD $2,092). S19j Pro+ trades mostly bundled-with-hosting — no clean standalone figure. Negative day-1 profit at low power cost explains the depressed prices.",
   "caveat": "Chip is BM1362 (the BM1398 grouping in quick-reference summaries is imprecise; the detailed hardware reference confirms BM1362). Repair guides had it right.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "Incomplete chip detection 'Chain[0]: find 0 asic' ('most frequently encountered' per Zeus)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "chip corrected to BM1362 vs bible-facts.md summary (VERIFY V1)"
    },
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "Poor chip soldering / un-tinned pads (pins look tinned but no contact)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "0.8V/1.2V filter caps short + LDO -> 'ASICNG:(0)', domain voltage loss ('most conditions')",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "single lens but flagged 'most'"
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "Boost 15V->20V (C915)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "psu",
     "component_label": "PSU",
     "failure_mode": "PSU (APW12) won't power on / dead fans -> replace PSU first",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": "standalone wall PSU bucket"
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "Temp sensors U5/U7/U8/U9",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "sensors"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "antminer-s19-xp",
   "model": "Antminer S19 XP",
   "category": "Antminer (Bitmain)",
   "manufacturer": "Bitmain",
   "chip": "BM1366",
   "chip_fact": "~100 GH/s per chip, 21.5 J/TH; 110 chips; domain split documented as “varies”",
   "data_strength": "MODERATE",
   "grade": "B",
   "families": 4,
   "lenses": [
    "YT",
    "RWEB"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/antminer-s19xp-repair/",
   "repair_label": "Antminer S19 XP repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "“RI signal disappears at damaged/shorted chip”; integer-multiple chip counts on the pattern test; “EEPRXM NG”.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "No dedicated S19 XP menu price isolated — served under D-Central tiered L1/L2/L3 CAD plus general S19-series board repair.",
   "used_signal": "Refurb band around US$1,699–$1,899 (141 TH, asicprices.com) ≈ CAD $2,370–$2,649; an anecdotal sub-US$900 used band exists, and clearance 141 TH units have appeared near US$649.",
   "caveat": "A repair-vendor “11 domains / 10-per-domain” layout is not treated as canonical (110 chips confirmed; domain split documented as “varies”).",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "BM1366 chip soldering / micro-shorts (0-hundreds ohm) - guide #1 cause; '0 hashrate'/incomplete detection",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "LDO (1.2V & 0.8V) - no domain voltage despite 14V input",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB",
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "RX signal trace loss; level-shifter board U10 ('false welding' -> counts in 10/20/30...)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "signal/level-shifter; VERIFY Zeus domain layout V4"
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "U1/U2 signal ICs (wrong power-sequence burnout); crystal Y1; EEPROM U6",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "antminer-s19k-pro",
   "model": "Antminer S19k Pro",
   "category": "Antminer (Bitmain)",
   "manufacturer": "Bitmain",
   "chip": "BM1366",
   "chip_fact": "BM1366BS / BM1366BP",
   "data_strength": "MODERATE",
   "grade": "B",
   "families": 2,
   "lenses": [
    "YT",
    "RCOST"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/antminer-s19k-pro-repair/",
   "repair_label": "Antminer S19k Pro repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "Insufficient fan speed; standard chip + LDO scope.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Board repair listed around US$150 base + ~US$50/chip by third-party shops; integrated-heatsink boards only (separate-heatsink boards declined).",
   "used_signal": "New / clearance around US$319–$379 (110–120 TH) ≈ CAD $445–$529; genuine used below US$319 is plausible but unconfirmed.",
   "caveat": "Thin on public failure detail — graded honestly.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "fan",
     "component_label": "Fan / cooling",
     "failure_mode": "Cooling fan (120mm 4-pin square, shared T21/S21 NOT S19 Pro 6-pin) -> insufficient fan speed",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "ASIC / LDO / caps - standard chip+LDO scope (BM1366BS/BM1366BP)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "reported (vendor parts list)",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "YT",
      "RCOST"
     ],
     "notes": "thin failure detail; flag"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "antminer-s21-t21",
   "model": "Antminer S21 / T21",
   "category": "Antminer (Bitmain)",
   "manufacturer": "Bitmain",
   "chip": "BM1368",
   "chip_fact": "108 chips / 12 domains / 9 chips per domain / ~1.2 V / boost (U206) ~25 V / 11 level shifters / NO PIC / EEPROM (U6) / 25 MHz crystal (Y1)",
   "data_strength": "STRONG",
   "grade": "A",
   "families": 8,
   "lenses": [
    "REDDIT",
    "YT",
    "RCOST",
    "RWEB"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/antminer-s21-repair/",
   "repair_label": "Antminer S21 repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "Chain reports below 108 (“find 82 then 84” → board off); chip counts in multiples of 9; “Pattern NG”; one severe post-cycle case read 107/15/0 across three chains.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Board-level repair listed around US$300 (4–5 day, 30-day warranty) by third-party shops; single BM1368 chip swaps as low as ~US$15–$50. D-Central's estimator puts an S21 hashboard at $300–$600 CAD, per-chip $40–$100, control board $150–$300, diagnostic $75–$150.",
   "used_signal": "Used around US$748 (188 TH, ~$3.98/TH, mid-2026) ≈ CAD $1,025–$1,043; new ~US$1,699; clearance 151 TH near US$989. T21 trades relative only (~$500–$1k under S21, no clean absolute).",
   "caveat": "The S21 has no PIC chip — a common point of confusion with earlier Antminers.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "ASIC chip (BM1368 PA/PB/AA not interchangeable) - chain reports <108; 'find 82 then 84' -> board off",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 4,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RCOST",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "Thermal-shock solder-joint cracking on power-cycle (hot ~70C -> room cycling cracks marginal joints) - 2025 headline",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT"
     ],
     "notes": "BitcoinTalk 5539199 mikeywith"
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "Op-amp / level-shifter at 2-domain handover (SGM8304 / SN74AUP1T34DCKR U2E) - 'almost always an op-amp/level-shifter issue' (LYS)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "flagged dominant"
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "Per-domain LDO (0.8V core / 1.2V VDDIO); MP2019 high-V LDO U166/U200 domains 11/12; boost SY7304DBC",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently to occasionally reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB",
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "EEPROM GT24C02A U6; temp sensors S75 U5/U7 + 3.3V-rail short cascade (measure 3.3V impedance before power)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "EEPROM/sensors"
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "Factory thermal paste (poor application) -> overheating even on new boards",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB",
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": "thermal interface"
    },
    {
     "component": "control_board",
     "component_label": "Control board",
     "failure_mode": "Control board / wiring mimics hashboard failure (swap 3 wires to isolate)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "fan",
     "component_label": "Fan / cooling",
     "failure_mode": "Fans (4-pin, shared T21/S19k Pro)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    }
   ],
   "error_hub_url": "https://d-central.tech/antminer-s21-error-codes/",
   "error_hub_label": "Antminer S21 error-code reference"
  },
  {
   "id": "antminer-s21-pro",
   "model": "Antminer S21 Pro",
   "category": "Antminer (Bitmain)",
   "manufacturer": "Bitmain",
   "chip": "BM1370",
   "chip_fact": "board layout documented as “varies” (chip confirmed BM1370)",
   "data_strength": "MODERATE",
   "grade": "B",
   "families": 3,
   "lenses": [
    "YT",
    "RWEB"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/antminer-s21-pro-repair/",
   "repair_label": "Antminer S21 Pro repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "Hot-spot chips; chain reports below nameplate.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "No dedicated S21 Pro menu price isolated — serviced under the S21 class (~US$300 third-party) plus BM1370 chip swap.",
   "used_signal": "Used around US$1,199 (234–245 TH) ≈ CAD $1,643–$1,672; some eBay refurb and aggregate figures range much higher (treat with caution); new clusters ~US$1,358–$2,500.",
   "caveat": "A repair-vendor “65 ch / 13 dom / 5-per” layout is not treated as canonical (board layout documented as “varies”). Power-domain failure modes are inferred from the S21 generation, flagged as emerging.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "BM1370 chip (densely packed) - thermal cycling + power surges -> individual chip failures",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "board layout 'Varies' in Bible; VERIFY V3"
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "Heatsink / thermal interface - hot-spot chips from poor contact",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": "thermal interface"
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "Shares S21-gen level-shifter / LDO / paste family (inference from architecture)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "reported - emerging",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "inference"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "antminer-s21-xp",
   "model": "Antminer S21 XP",
   "category": "Antminer (Bitmain)",
   "manufacturer": "Bitmain",
   "chip": "BM1370",
   "chip_fact": "91 chips / 13 domains / 7 chips per domain / ~1.04 V / MP2019 boost (U146/U202) / 12 level shifters (U1–U12)",
   "data_strength": "MODERATE",
   "grade": "B",
   "families": 3,
   "lenses": [
    "YT",
    "RWEB"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/antminer-s21-xp-repair/",
   "repair_label": "Antminer S21 XP repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "Domain-11/12 boost-fault signature; low domain voltage.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "No dedicated S21 XP menu price isolated — S21 class (~US$300 third-party) plus BM1370 chip swap.",
   "used_signal": "Used around US$3,750 (270 TH, ~$13.89/TH) ≈ CAD $5,231; new ~US$3,899 ≈ CAD $5,439. A “with-firmware $8,500” over-ask listing is excluded as an outlier.",
   "caveat": "A “108 chips/chain, 324 total” search summary is an S21 mix-up — the S21 XP is 91 chips per board.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "Boost ICs on domains 11-12 (MP2019) - domains 11/12 read 0V/low (consistent with Bible architecture)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "Voltage regulator / LDO - domain ~0V or <<1.2V",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported (S21-gen)",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "BM1370 chip - one case 12 burned chips replaced",
     "frequency_qualifier": "single anecdotal report",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": "REJECT '108 chips/chain 324 total' summary V5"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "antminer-s21",
   "model": "Antminer S21+",
   "category": "Antminer (Bitmain)",
   "manufacturer": "Bitmain",
   "chip": "BM1370",
   "chip_fact": "board layout documented as “varies” (chip confirmed BM1370)",
   "data_strength": "THIN",
   "grade": "C",
   "families": 1,
   "lenses": [
    "YT",
    "RWEB"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/antminer-s21-repair/",
   "repair_label": "Antminer S21-family repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "Shares the S21-generation BM1370 boost / LDO / level-shifter / thermal-paste family.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Served under the S21 class (~US$300 third-party).",
   "used_signal": "New ~US$1,749 (235 TH) ≈ CAD $2,440; a high “$4,659 used” listing is excluded as an above-new outlier (likely hosted / firmware-loaded). New-reference clusters $3,350–$4,030 (early 2026).",
   "caveat": "Emerging — little S21+-unique teardown data exists; graded honestly.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "Shares S21-gen BM1370 boost / LDO / level-shifter / paste family",
     "frequency_qualifier": "reported - emerging",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "little S21+-unique teardown data; flag honestly"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "antminer-t21",
   "model": "Antminer T21",
   "category": "Antminer (Bitmain)",
   "manufacturer": "Bitmain",
   "chip": "BM1368",
   "chip_fact": "shares the S21 108-chip board and 4-pin fan",
   "data_strength": "STRONG (failure via shared thread) / THIN (used price)",
   "grade": "A",
   "families": 1,
   "lenses": [
    "REDDIT"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/antminer-t21-repair/",
   "repair_label": "Antminer T21 repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "Thermal-shock solder cracking on power-cycle is the headline failure (shared with the S21).",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Served under the S21-class board repair (~US$300 third-party).",
   "used_signal": "Relative only — roughly $500–$1k under the S21; no clean absolute isolated.",
   "caveat": "Failure data is strong via the shared S21/T21 thread; used-price data is limited.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "Thermal-shock solder cracking (covered jointly with S21/T21); no T21-unique teardown beyond shared board",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT"
     ],
     "notes": "see S21/T21 row"
    }
   ],
   "error_hub_url": "https://d-central.tech/antminer-s21-error-codes/",
   "error_hub_label": "Antminer S21/T21 error-code reference"
  },
  {
   "id": "antminer-s17-s17-pro-s17-t17",
   "model": "Antminer S17 / S17 Pro / S17+ / T17",
   "category": "Antminer (Bitmain)",
   "manufacturer": "Bitmain",
   "chip": "BM1393 / BM1397",
   "chip_fact": "S17 / T17 = BM1393 (~166 GH/s, 45 J/TH); S17+ / T17+ / S17e / T17e = BM1397 (~200 GH/s, 36 J/TH); 12 domains",
   "data_strength": "STRONG",
   "grade": "A",
   "families": 5,
   "lenses": [
    "REDDIT",
    "YT",
    "RWEB"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/antminer-s17-repair/",
   "repair_label": "Antminer S17 repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "“Chain 0 only find 32 asic”; loose-heatsink overheat; shipping-induced solder movement.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Board-level repair listed around US$200 (2–3 day, 15-day warranty, burn excluded) by third-party shops; D-Central's estimator puts an S17 at $150–$350 CAD, firmware reflash $50–$100. The higher labour cost reflects difficulty, not unit value.",
   "used_signal": "End-of-life — no clean current price isolated (low double-/triple-digit USD expected on 50–73 TH listings).",
   "caveat": "A third-party repair summary cites a “30% failure rate” from poor solder. That is a third-party estimate quoted with attribution, not a measured rate and not D-Central- or manufacturer-verified; the “least-reliable line” framing is community opinion, not data.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "Heatsink-adhesive delamination (copper plating peels off chip) -> loose heatsink shorts adjacent PCB -> cascading hashboard damage. Signature S17 failure",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "thermal interface"
    },
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "ASIC solder-joint cracking from thermal cycling - 'most common S17 failure'",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "VR MOSFETs (4 per board) - failed MOS kills that board's domains",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "Thermal paste degradation 'measured in months'; hashboard connectors; BM1397 chip (AD/AG/AH/AI interchangeable; <=5 swaps/board)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB",
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": "third-party '30% failure rate' = attributed estimate, NOT fact"
    },
    {
     "component": "psu",
     "component_label": "PSU",
     "failure_mode": "PSU APW9/APW9+ output caps fail under load",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "antminer-l7",
   "model": "Antminer L7",
   "category": "Antminer (Bitmain)",
   "manufacturer": "Bitmain",
   "chip": "BM1489",
   "chip_fact": "Scrypt, TSMC 7nm; 120 chips/board × 24 domains × 5-per; 4 chains → 480 chips/unit; dual crystals (Y1 ch1–60 / Y2 ch61–120)",
   "data_strength": "STRONG",
   "grade": "A",
   "families": 5,
   "lenses": [
    "REDDIT",
    "YT",
    "RWEB"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/antminer-l7-repair/",
   "repair_label": "Antminer L7 repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "“ChipSetting_get_addr_LTC detect 0 chips”; chips 1–60 or 61–120 fail together (crystal); “ASIC NG:N”.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Public board-level repair runs roughly US$300/board or ~US$675/machine (with deposit and storage policies); bulk salvage boards have appeared far cheaper.",
   "used_signal": "Used around US$249 (9.05 GH/s, ~$30/GH) ≈ CAD $347; used 9050M listings appear (some with residual manufacturer warranty), most without surfaced prices.",
   "caveat": "Chip is BM1489 (BM1485 is the older L3+ chip — do not conflate).",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "BM1489 ASIC (thermal burnout / shorted pins) - 'most frequently replaced L7 component'; 'detect 0 chips' / <120",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "BM1485 = L3+; do NOT conflate (VERIFY V2)"
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "LDO chain (SGM2036-ADJ 0.8V; MP2019GN; NCP114ASN180T 1.8V) - 'most common drift point on aged L7 boards'",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "Domain-switch MOSFET VIS30010 - domain 0V despite 15V input",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "Level translator SN74AUP1T34DCKR (U2E) burned by wrong power-on order - 'most common bench-error cause'",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "bench-error, not field failure"
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "Boost MOSFET TPHR9003NL / MP1517DR; dual crystals Y1/Y2; PIC16F1704 U6; temp sensors S75/NCT218; 0.8/1.8V filter caps",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally to frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB",
      "REDDIT"
     ],
     "notes": "crystals: chips 1-60 or 61-120 fail together"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "whatsminer-m30s-m30s-m30s",
   "model": "Whatsminer M30S / M30S+ / M30S++",
   "category": "Whatsminer (MicroBT)",
   "manufacturer": "MicroBT",
   "chip": "KF1930",
   "chip_fact": "MicroBT KF-series; P21-family WhatsPower PSU. Error-code-centric public data.",
   "data_strength": "STRONG",
   "grade": "A",
   "families": 5,
   "lenses": [
    "REDDIT",
    "YT",
    "RWEB"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/whatsminer-m30-repair/",
   "repair_label": "Whatsminer M30 repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "Error 542 never-ending restart loop; “cannot detect SM0”; RXD/TXD 1.8 V / CLK 0.9 V diagnostic.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Board-level repair listed around US$250 (≤3 chips, 2–3 day; severe burn excluded) by third-party shops; D-Central's estimator puts M20/M30 at $150–$400 CAD. Whatsminer repairs generally run higher than Antminer.",
   "used_signal": "Weak / wide spread — report as a range. Bulk lots near US$75/unit (88 TH) at one extreme; ~US$299 (112 TH, $3/TH) typical used; retail listings up to the ~CAD $1,000 range. Negative profit at higher power costs.",
   "caveat": "A re-torque-fixes-“~95% of no-output cases” figure is a vendor claim, quoted with attribution.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "psu",
     "component_label": "PSU",
     "failure_mode": "Power-output protection (errors 233-238, 268; overcurrent/over-temp) - 'by far the most frequently reported Whatsminer errors across all models'",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "PSU often FINE; check copper-bolt torque first"
    },
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "Error 542 'loss balance' - one bad board -> whole unit restart-loops; workaround = remove bad board -> ~66%",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT"
     ],
     "notes": "BitcoinTalk 5392629"
    },
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "ASIC / hashboard (codes 202/203/205/207/217; 550-552 'bad chips') - located via M30/M50 test fixture",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "Loose PSU<->miner copper-bar bolts - 233-238 reported but PSU often FINE; LYS: re-torque fixes '~95% of no-output cases' (vendor claim, attribute)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "connector; vendor 95% claim attributed not fact"
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "Temp sensor SM0 (errors 300/530; I2C NAK); thermal interface; EEPROM; voltage-bus loose screws (560-562); fan->ribbon vibration",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally to frequently reported",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "sensors/EEPROM/fan"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "whatsminer-m50-m50s-m50s-m50s",
   "model": "Whatsminer M50 / M50S / M50S+ / M50S++",
   "category": "Whatsminer (MicroBT)",
   "manufacturer": "MicroBT",
   "chip": "KF1968 / KF1968E",
   "chip_fact": "MicroBT KF-series; P221/P222-family WhatsPower PSU.",
   "data_strength": "MODERATE",
   "grade": "B",
   "families": 3,
   "lenses": [
    "REDDIT",
    "YT",
    "RWEB"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/whatsminer-m50s-repair/",
   "repair_label": "Whatsminer M50S repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "“will report some error when running only one hashboard, but works fine”; error 540-series LDO.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Board-level repair listed around US$350 by third-party shops; D-Central's estimator puts M50/M60 at $250–$550 CAD.",
   "used_signal": "New figures only — do not invent used. ~US$1,699 new (M50, 110 TH); ~US$699 new (M50S, 126 TH); higher M50S++ via GBP retail.",
   "caveat": "",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "psu",
     "component_label": "PSU",
     "failure_mode": "WhatsPower P221B/P222B/P222C failure -> won't start / abnormal hashrate; codes 208-275/326/329/8700; wrong-PSU keying -> 201/8700",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported (dominant M50 family)",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "Hashboard LDO power (errors 540/541/542) - LDO powering failure on hashboard",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "ASIC chip - located via M30/M50/M60 fixture; progressive hashboard loss post-update",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently to occasionally reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "whatsminer-m53-m56s",
   "model": "Whatsminer M53 / M56S",
   "category": "Whatsminer (MicroBT)",
   "manufacturer": "MicroBT",
   "chip": "KF-series (hydro / immersion)",
   "chip_fact": "hydro / immersion variants; small installed base, mostly hosted / commercial.",
   "data_strength": "THIN",
   "grade": "C",
   "families": 1,
   "lenses": [
    "REDDIT",
    "YT",
    "RWEB"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/whatsminer-m56s-repair/",
   "repair_label": "Whatsminer M56S repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "Folded into the M50/M60 hydro LDO/ASIC and PSU-error families; water cooling adds coldplate / leak / pump surfaces.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "No dedicated public menu isolated — served under general Whatsminer menus plus D-Central tiered.",
   "used_signal": "M53 = none isolated; M56S+ retail around GBP £1,600 (224 TH, condition unstated) ≈ CAD $2,830 as an FX-only estimate.",
   "caveat": "Thin — small installed base; graded honestly, not padded.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "Folded into M50/M60 hydro LDO/ASIC + PSU error families; water-cooling adds coldplate / leak / pump surface",
     "frequency_qualifier": "reported - sparse, emerging",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "small installed base, hosted/commercial; flag honestly"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "avalon-a1246",
   "model": "Avalon A1246",
   "category": "Avalon (Canaan)",
   "manufacturer": "Canaan",
   "chip": "A3210",
   "chip_fact": "38 chips/board × 3 = 114; ~85–90 TH; AUC3 controller. Per-chip BIN matching matters on replacement.",
   "data_strength": "STRONG",
   "grade": "A",
   "families": 6,
   "lenses": [
    "REDDIT",
    "YT",
    "RWEB"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/avalonminer-1246-repair/",
   "repair_label": "AvalonMiner 1246 repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "Whole-board death within days-to-weeks; “red hash2”; −273°C / 120–180°C temp misreads.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "No dedicated public menu isolated — D-Central tiered (from $65 CAD diagnostic; L1/L2/L3 $95/$145/$195 CAD); third-party mail-in services exist.",
   "used_signal": "Used around US$438–$550 (three listings: 85T $505, 93T $550, 90T $438) ≈ CAD $611–$767. An indicative range, not a median.",
   "caveat": "Chip-level TH per chip is cross-checked against the deeper Avalon reference before being treated as canonical.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "Whole-board death (RagingTalonS 'hashed 1-2 days then died'; spoonbandits ~8 weeks; happysquid H2=-273C)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported (early + mid-life)",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "17.5V boost module (daughter-card) - 'most distinctive A1246 failure'; replaceable as sub-assembly",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "A3210 ASIC (thermal degradation, aged 3-5 yr) - one dead chip kills all downstream (AUC3 estats first 'x' = break)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported (aging fleet)",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "AUC3 USB connector corrosion / vibration drops - single most-reported comms-error cause in Avalon threads",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "connector"
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "AP1084 LDO; crystal 813RN (25 MHz); MAX14930 isolator; burned MOSFET drivers; output filter caps; 0ohm jumpers; dried paste",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally to frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB",
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "Temp-sensor misread (~120-180C); fan stuck ~100% RPM",
     "frequency_qualifier": "single anecdotal report (each)",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT"
     ],
     "notes": "sensor/fan"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "avalon-a1366",
   "model": "Avalon A1366",
   "category": "Avalon (Canaan)",
   "manufacturer": "Canaan",
   "chip": "A3210 family",
   "chip_fact": "shares the A1366/1346/1446/1466 control board and A32xx tooling.",
   "data_strength": "THIN",
   "grade": "C",
   "families": 1,
   "lenses": [
    "REDDIT",
    "YT",
    "RWEB"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/avalon-a1366-repair/",
   "repair_label": "Avalon A1366 repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "Same chip-dropout family as the A1246.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "No dedicated public menu isolated — served under D-Central Avalon tiered.",
   "used_signal": "None isolated (parts / repair support confirms installed base only).",
   "caveat": "Thin — graded honestly.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "Same chip-dropout family as A1246; shares 1366/1346/1446/1466 control board + A32xx tooling",
     "frequency_qualifier": "reported",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "no isolated used price; flag honestly"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "avalon-a14-a1466-a15",
   "model": "Avalon A14 (A1466) / A15",
   "category": "Avalon (Canaan)",
   "manufacturer": "Canaan",
   "chip": "A3210 / A3206",
   "chip_fact": "newer Avalon generation; lighter North-American repair-menu and used-price coverage.",
   "data_strength": "THIN-MODERATE",
   "grade": "C",
   "families": 3,
   "lenses": [
    "YT",
    "RWEB"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/avalon-a1466-repair/",
   "repair_label": "Avalon A1466 repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "Dead chip — firmware skips the failed chip and headline hashrate drops proportionally; HW-error% spikes.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "The A1566 service is listed up to ~$1,100 CAD; D-Central services through the A1466 and beyond; replacement hashboards are sold.",
   "used_signal": "A15 new around US$2,499 (215 TH) ≈ CAD $3,486; A15XP ~US$3,849 ≈ CAD $5,369. A14 and A15 used = none isolated.",
   "caveat": "Avalon exposes per-chip PVT_V telemetry (a readout), but voltage regulation remains per-DOMAIN — per-chip readout is normal, per-chip control is not.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "Dead chip - firmware skips failed chip, headline hashrate drops proportionally",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "Thermal-paste dry-out (9-12 mo A15); dust ('30 days = 5-12% drop' vendor estimate, attribute); voltage-domain caps/PMIC (PVT_V scatter >+-30mV); AC <220V derating; connector oxidation",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently to occasionally reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "keep website copy per-DOMAIN for regulation (VERIFY V14)"
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "HW-error% spikes (marginal pool / OTA regression / degrading chip)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "bitaxe-gamma",
   "model": "Bitaxe Gamma",
   "category": "Open-source boards (Bitaxe / NerdQaxe / NerdOctaxe / NerdAxe)",
   "manufacturer": "Open-source (Bitaxe)",
   "chip": "BM1370",
   "chip_fact": "~1.0–1.5 TH/s single-chip board, ~16–18 W; per-chip baseline ~750+ GH/s; 5 V barrel jack",
   "data_strength": "STRONG",
   "grade": "A",
   "families": 5,
   "lenses": [
    "REDDIT",
    "YT",
    "RCOST",
    "RWEB",
    "OSS"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/bitaxe-repair-diagnostics/",
   "repair_label": "Bitaxe repair & diagnostics",
   "notable_symptoms": "“Power Fault Detected”; 0 GH/s at ~5 W (vs ~16–17 W); metrics read ‘--’/null while hashing; >75°C auto-throttle.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Single-board repair is listed around US$50 base (4–5 day, 30-day warranty) by third-party shops; D-Central ASIC repair from $65 CAD. The VCORE regulator (TPS546D24S) is a low-cost bench part.",
   "used_signal": "New retail only. Gamma + PSU from ~CAD $171 on sale; Gamma++ and turbo/“Ice” variants higher. Thin used market.",
   "caveat": "Bitaxe Gamma = BM1370 is correct and preserved (the isolated catalog row that says otherwise is a known error). The 0-GH/s-needs-cold-boot behaviour is BM1370-specific; a GitHub report covering several of one reporter's units is a single multi-device anecdote, not a rate.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "TPS546 (TPS546D24S) VCORE regulator - narrow VIN 4.8-5.3V; sag <4.5V trips 'Power Fault Detected'; can latch needing physical disconnect; 105C VRM thermal shutdown. Worst on Gamma",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 5,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RCOST",
      "RWEB",
      "OSS"
     ],
     "notes": "VRM; VERIFY VIN window V8 / part V7"
    },
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "BM1370 '0 GH/s pulling ~5W' - soft/API restart does NOT recover; only full cold power cycle clears it. GitHub #588 = '>=3 of reporter units' (single multi-device anecdote, NOT a rate)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported (Gamma-specific)",
     "source_count": 5,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RCOST",
      "RWEB",
      "OSS"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "VR/VRM thermal bottleneck (not the ASIC) - VR warning ~70C, 'pops' sustained >80C; AxeOS shows only ASIC temp on OLED -> users cook the VR first",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "OSS",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "TPS546 boot-race ('i2c handle not initialized' / Device ID ff:ff...) - firmware timing regression 2.8.0+ (wontfix); FIRMWARE not a failed part",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally reported (subset)",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "OSS"
     ],
     "notes": "GitHub #1291; firmware"
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "Thermal paste / heatsink gap (shipping vibration); power MOSFETs/DC-DC; ESP32-S3 firmware corruption / 2.4GHz-only WiFi; AxeOS v2.13/2.14 telemetry regression",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently to occasionally reported",
     "source_count": 4,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RWEB",
      "OSS"
     ],
     "notes": "thermal/firmware/WiFi"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "bitaxe-supra",
   "model": "Bitaxe Supra",
   "category": "Open-source boards (Bitaxe / NerdQaxe / NerdOctaxe / NerdAxe)",
   "manufacturer": "Open-source (Bitaxe)",
   "chip": "BM1368",
   "chip_fact": "single-chip board; 5 V barrel jack",
   "data_strength": "MODERATE-STRONG",
   "grade": "B",
   "families": 4,
   "lenses": [
    "REDDIT",
    "YT",
    "RWEB",
    "OSS"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/bitaxe-repair-diagnostics/",
   "repair_label": "Bitaxe repair & diagnostics",
   "notable_symptoms": "“Power Fault Detected” when output leaves regulation; ~50% hashrate with elevated HW-error% (silent throttle) → reflow.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Single-board repair around US$50 (Bitaxe shop class); replacement BM1368 chips are stocked.",
   "used_signal": "New only. Supra + PSU from ~CAD $174; SupraHex higher.",
   "caveat": "More tolerant than the Gamma — the BM1370 bring-up faults do not affect the BM1368 the same way (an API restart recovers).",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "TPS546 VRM - 'Power Fault Detected' when output leaves regulation; cheap '5V' PSUs sag to 4.5V under load",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "more tolerant than Gamma; API restart recovers"
    },
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "BM1368 BGA joint - ~50% hashrate, elevated HW-error% (silent throttle) -> reflow",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "fan",
     "component_label": "Fan / cooling",
     "failure_mode": "Stock fan 'crap' (README) - mandatory active cooling, Noctua NF-A4x20 swap",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "OSS"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "Barrel jack (5.5x2.1mm) works loose; I2C sensor subsystem reads null",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT"
     ],
     "notes": "jack/sensor"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "bitaxe-ultra",
   "model": "Bitaxe Ultra",
   "category": "Open-source boards (Bitaxe / NerdQaxe / NerdOctaxe / NerdAxe)",
   "manufacturer": "Open-source (Bitaxe)",
   "chip": "BM1366",
   "chip_fact": "single-chip board; 5 V barrel jack",
   "data_strength": "MODERATE",
   "grade": "B",
   "families": 2,
   "lenses": [
    "OSS",
    "RCOST",
    "REDDIT"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/bitaxe-repair-diagnostics/",
   "repair_label": "Bitaxe repair & diagnostics",
   "notable_symptoms": "Zero hashrate after a power cycle — most issues are external (PSU / pool), not the chip.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Single-board repair around US$50 (Bitaxe shop class).",
   "used_signal": "New only. Ultra + PSU around CAD $160.",
   "caveat": "Deliberately low errata — that is the finding. The most battle-tested Bitaxe chip; recovers on a soft restart.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "fan",
     "component_label": "Fan / cooling",
     "failure_mode": "EMC2101 PWM fan controller - cooling-control IC; no notable Ultra-specific hardware errata; 'most battle-tested Bitaxe chip', recovers on soft restart",
     "frequency_qualifier": "single anecdotal report / low",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "OSS"
     ],
     "notes": "deliberately low errata = the finding"
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "TPS546 VRM (shared family); zero-hashrate after power cycle - most issues external (PSU/pool), not chip",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "RCOST",
      "REDDIT"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "nerdqaxe-nerdqaxe",
   "model": "NerdQaxe+ / NerdQaxe++",
   "category": "Open-source boards (Bitaxe / NerdQaxe / NerdOctaxe / NerdAxe)",
   "manufacturer": "Open-source (NerdQaxe)",
   "chip": "4× BM1368 (NerdQaxe+) / 4× BM1370 (NerdQaxe++)",
   "chip_fact": "four-chip daisy chain; 12 V XT30 input",
   "data_strength": "STRONG",
   "grade": "A",
   "families": 5,
   "lenses": [
    "REDDIT",
    "YT",
    "RCOST",
    "RWEB",
    "OSS"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/bitaxe-repair-diagnostics/",
   "repair_label": "Bitaxe / open-source repair & diagnostics",
   "notable_symptoms": "Dead board, no power; PSU error #0000015; 0–2Ω across the power connector; −25% hashrate from one dead chip.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Largely community / DIY — no shop figure; consumables only (a sub-$1 SMD fuse, ~$8–12 thermal paste).",
   "used_signal": "New only. NerdQaxe+ ~CAD-equivalent of US$379.99; NerdQaxe++ from ~US$299.99 on sale; hydro variants higher.",
   "caveat": "On overclocked units the VRM (CSD95472Q5MC), not the ASIC, is usually the culprit — it blows the onboard SMD fuse. Real draw (~80 W) exceeds the ~60 W “rated” figure.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "VRM CSD95472Q5MC blown -> 12V-rail dead short (0-2ohm continuity) - 'VRMs, not ASICs, are usually the culprit' when OC'd; blows onboard SMD fuse. DOMINANT overclock death mode",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 4,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RCOST",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "psu",
     "component_label": "PSU",
     "failure_mode": "Hidden 5x20mm glass mainboard fuse (250V 5A fast-blow) - won't power on (no fan/display) but power light still on",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": "BITSOLOPLAYER; fuse"
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "Thermal paste / heatsink gap -> PSU error #0000015 - shipping vibration opens gap; reapply MX-4/6W+",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 4,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "RCOST",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "thermal interface"
    },
    {
     "component": "hashboard",
     "component_label": "Hashboard (ASIC + solder)",
     "failure_mode": "Dead chip in 4-chip daisy chain = ~25% hashrate loss; loose XT30 -> intermittent power/chip-detect; real draw ~80W vs ~60W 'rated'; misaligned pins -> 3.3V short",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally to frequently reported",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "OSS",
      "REDDIT",
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": "connector/hashboard"
    },
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "2.4GHz-only WiFi 'No AP Found'; random Software Panic resets (firmware)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently to occasionally reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "OSS"
     ],
     "notes": "WiFi/firmware; VERIFY fuse rating V9"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "nerdoctaxe-gamma",
   "model": "NerdOctaxe Gamma",
   "category": "Open-source boards (Bitaxe / NerdQaxe / NerdOctaxe / NerdAxe)",
   "manufacturer": "Open-source (NerdOctaxe)",
   "chip": "8× BM1370",
   "chip_fact": "eight-chip board; 12 V XT60 ≥18–20 A; ~160–180 W; ~9.6 TH",
   "data_strength": "MODERATE",
   "grade": "B",
   "families": 3,
   "lenses": [
    "REDDIT",
    "YT",
    "OSS"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/bitaxe-repair-diagnostics/",
   "repair_label": "Bitaxe / open-source repair & diagnostics",
   "notable_symptoms": "“Guru Meditation #51A00000” boot crash on firmware ≤v1.0.35 (current-protection ceiling) — a firmware-config bug fixed in v1.0.36.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Community / DIY — no shop figure isolated.",
   "used_signal": "New only. Around US$649.99 / €699 (9.6 TH); hydro higher.",
   "caveat": "The headline boot crash is a firmware-configuration issue, not a failed part. A half-seated cooler fan can overheat four of eight chips within minutes.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "other",
     "component_label": "Other (cabling, connectors, sensors, firmware, thermal interface)",
     "failure_mode": "TPS53647 multiphase current-protection -> 'Guru Meditation #51A00000' boot crash on fw <=v1.0.35 (140A@1.15V ~= 161W ceiling exceeded) - fixed v1.0.36 (160A). FIRMWARE-config bug",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported (affected fw)",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "YT",
      "OSS"
     ],
     "notes": "firmware/power-protection"
    },
    {
     "component": "fan",
     "component_label": "Fan / cooling",
     "failure_mode": "Disconnected/half-seated cooler fan -> 4 of 8 chips overheat in minutes; half-seated XT60 overheats under ~20A; copper-weight/fuse variance between vendor builds (1/1oz vs 2/2oz)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally reported / single anecdotal",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "OSS"
     ],
     "notes": "fan/connector"
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "VR / hashboard cooling failures (hand-assembled)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "YT"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "nerdaxe",
   "model": "NerdAxe",
   "category": "Open-source boards (Bitaxe / NerdQaxe / NerdOctaxe / NerdAxe)",
   "manufacturer": "Open-source (NerdAxe fork)",
   "chip": "BM1370 (Gamma) / BM1366 (Ultra)",
   "chip_fact": "single-chip fork of the Bitaxe; 5 V / TPS546 family",
   "data_strength": "THIN",
   "grade": "C",
   "families": 2,
   "lenses": [
    "OSS"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/bitaxe-repair-diagnostics/",
   "repair_label": "Bitaxe / open-source repair & diagnostics",
   "notable_symptoms": "A fan-PWM scaling bug (50% setting → ~70% RPM) — a firmware issue fixed in the fork.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Community / DIY.",
   "used_signal": "New only. NerdAxe + PSU around US$199.99 ≈ CAD $279.",
   "caveat": "Mostly shared-family and firmware issues. Wrong-target firmware (different I2C pin mapping) can make a board look “dead” when it is not. Graded honestly.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "fan",
     "component_label": "Fan / cooling",
     "failure_mode": "EMC2101 fan PWM scaling bug (50% setting -> ~70% RPM) - fixed in fork PR #2 (+ signed-temp register fix). FIRMWARE not a part",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "OSS"
     ],
     "notes": "firmware"
    },
    {
     "component": "power_domain",
     "component_label": "Power domain (LDO / caps / boost / VRM)",
     "failure_mode": "Shares Bitaxe 5V/TPS546/single-ASIC family; wrong-target firmware (I2C pins 43/44 vs Bitaxe 47/48) can make a board appear 'dead'",
     "frequency_qualifier": "reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "OSS"
     ],
     "notes": "mostly shared-family + firmware; flag honestly"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "bitmain-apw3-apw3",
   "model": "Bitmain APW3 / APW3++",
   "category": "Power supplies (PSUs)",
   "manufacturer": "Bitmain (PSU)",
   "chip": "PSU",
   "chip_fact": "S7/S9-era PSU. 11.6–13.0 V, 133 A, 1600 W @220 V / 1200 W @110 V",
   "data_strength": "STRONG",
   "grade": "A",
   "families": 4,
   "lenses": [
    "REDDIT",
    "RWEB"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/",
   "repair_label": "ASIC & PSU repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "Won't start below ~10°C ambient; residual-charge lockout if re-powered before the fan stops; high AC ripple after 3–4 years; 0.347 V where 12 V is expected.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Often “not worth repairing” versus replacing (a single old anecdote); D-Central PSU repair $100–$300 CAD. A new replacement unit can be as low as ~US$14.",
   "used_signal": "Replacement units are inexpensive and widely available.",
   "caveat": "Cold-start failure and residual-charge lockout are the signature, well-quoted behaviours.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "psu",
     "component_label": "PSU",
     "failure_mode": "Cold-start failure <10C (fanatic26 'notorious if ambient 10c or under'; ccgllc <1/3 of 80 booted near-freezing). Remedy: pre-warm",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT"
     ],
     "notes": "S7/S9-era"
    },
    {
     "component": "psu",
     "component_label": "PSU",
     "failure_mode": "Residual-charge lockout - must wait for fan to fully stop before re-power or it never outputs 12V",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT"
     ],
     "notes": "sequencing"
    },
    {
     "component": "psu",
     "component_label": "PSU",
     "failure_mode": "Filter-cap degradation after 3-4 yr - high AC ripple; works light-load, fails under 3-board load",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "caps"
    },
    {
     "component": "psu",
     "component_label": "PSU",
     "failure_mode": "No/low DC output (fan still spins) - mshome: 0.347V@220V where 12V expected",
     "frequency_qualifier": "single anecdotal report (symptom class common)",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "REDDIT"
     ],
     "notes": "output"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "bitmain-apw7",
   "model": "Bitmain APW7",
   "category": "Power supplies (PSUs)",
   "manufacturer": "Bitmain (PSU)",
   "chip": "PSU",
   "chip_fact": "S9/L3+/D3-era PSU. 150 A, 1800 W @220 V",
   "data_strength": "THIN",
   "grade": "C",
   "families": 1,
   "lenses": [],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/",
   "repair_label": "ASIC & PSU repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "Folded into the APW-series shop service.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Under the APW-series menu; D-Central $100–$300 CAD.",
   "used_signal": "",
   "caveat": "No distinct public failure or repair price isolated — honest gap.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "psu",
     "component_label": "PSU",
     "failure_mode": "Folded into APW-series shop service; no distinct web failure or repair price isolated",
     "frequency_qualifier": "honest gap - no public data",
     "source_count": 0,
     "lenses": [],
     "notes": "S9/L3+/D3-era"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "bitmain-apw9-apw9",
   "model": "Bitmain APW9 / APW9+",
   "category": "Power supplies (PSUs)",
   "manufacturer": "Bitmain (PSU)",
   "chip": "PSU",
   "chip_fact": "S17/T17-era PSU. 14.5–21 V, 170–200 A, 3600 W @220 V",
   "data_strength": "MODERATE",
   "grade": "B",
   "families": 1,
   "lenses": [
    "YT",
    "REDDIT"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/",
   "repair_label": "ASIC & PSU repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "Output-stage caps fail under load; dead PSU or below-spec voltage before complete failure. 14.0–15.0 V no-load; if the fan never spins on AC, internal failure.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Under the APW-series menu; D-Central $100–$300 CAD.",
   "used_signal": "",
   "caveat": "More reliable than the APW3 but still fails under load.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "psu",
     "component_label": "PSU",
     "failure_mode": "Output-stage caps fail under load; dead PSU / below-spec voltage before complete failure. Diagnostic: 14.0-15.0V no-load; fan never spins on AC -> internal failure",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally to frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "YT",
      "REDDIT"
     ],
     "notes": "S17/T17-era; more reliable than APW3 but still fails"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "bitmain-apw12",
   "model": "Bitmain APW12",
   "category": "Power supplies (PSUs)",
   "manufacturer": "Bitmain (PSU)",
   "chip": "PSU",
   "chip_fact": "S19-era PSU. 12–15 V, 233 A, 3600 W",
   "data_strength": "STRONG",
   "grade": "A",
   "families": 2,
   "lenses": [
    "YT",
    "RWEB",
    "REDDIT"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/",
   "repair_label": "ASIC & PSU repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "Output-stage / cap failure → voltage droop and intermittent reboots (clicking / buzzing / whining); can spike and damage boards. 6-pin connector partial-seat → heat / melt.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Board-level repair around US$200 (third-party); D-Central $100–$300 CAD. A new APW12-1215 replacement can be ~US$82 (150-day warranty).",
   "used_signal": "Replacement units widely available.",
   "caveat": "Integration gotcha: d/e/f versions add voltage feedback — a/b/c units cannot replace d/e/f.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "psu",
     "component_label": "PSU",
     "failure_mode": "Output stage / caps -> voltage droop + intermittent reboots (clicking/buzzing/whining), can spike and damage boards",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 3,
     "lenses": [
      "YT",
      "RWEB",
      "REDDIT"
     ],
     "notes": "S19-era"
    },
    {
     "component": "psu",
     "component_label": "PSU",
     "failure_mode": "6-pin connector partial-seat -> heat / melt. Integration FACT: d/e/f add voltage feedback; a/b/c CANNOT replace d/e/f",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "YT",
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": "connector"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "bitmain-apw17",
   "model": "Bitmain APW17",
   "category": "Power supplies (PSUs)",
   "manufacturer": "Bitmain (PSU)",
   "chip": "PSU",
   "chip_fact": "S21-era PSU. 12–15 V, 267 A, 3600 W (S21 / S21 Pro / S21 XP / S19j XP / KS5)",
   "data_strength": "THIN",
   "grade": "C",
   "families": 1,
   "lenses": [
    "RCOST"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/",
   "repair_label": "ASIC & PSU repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "Sparse public failure data.",
   "repair_cost_signal": "Board-level repair around US$200 (third-party).",
   "used_signal": "",
   "caveat": "Honest gap on failure modes — graded honestly.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "psu",
     "component_label": "PSU",
     "failure_mode": "Sparse web failure data; APW171215 repair $200 USD (Antminer-Repair.com). Honest gap on failure modes",
     "frequency_qualifier": "honest gap - sparse public data",
     "source_count": 0,
     "lenses": [
      "RCOST"
     ],
     "notes": "S21-era (S21/S21 Pro/S21 XP/S19j XP/KS5)"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "whatsminer-p21-p221-p222",
   "model": "Whatsminer P21 / P221 / P222",
   "category": "Power supplies (PSUs)",
   "manufacturer": "MicroBT (PSU)",
   "chip": "PSU",
   "chip_fact": "P22-family WhatsPower PSU. 3300 W, 12 V-240 A + 12 V-12 A",
   "data_strength": "STRONG",
   "grade": "A",
   "families": 3,
   "lenses": [
    "RWEB",
    "REDDIT",
    "RCOST"
   ],
   "repair_url": "https://d-central.tech/asic-repair/",
   "repair_label": "ASIC & PSU repair service",
   "notable_symptoms": "AC LED green + 0 V out; 8–11 V instead of 12 V (sync MOSFET); output ripple >0.1 V (bulk cap).",
   "repair_cost_signal": "No North-American shop price isolated; a spare-parts kit repairs roughly 3–5 PSUs per vendor estimate (wider “30–50 PSUs” is a marketing claim).",
   "used_signal": "Replacement units are sold but prices are not cleanly isolated — do not invent.",
   "caveat": "A re-torque-fixes-“~95% of no-output cases” figure is a vendor claim, quoted with attribution.",
   "components": [
    {
     "component": "psu",
     "component_label": "PSU",
     "failure_mode": "M6 copper-bar bolts loosen (ship ~2.0 N.m vs 2.5-3.5 spec) - AC LED green, fan spins, 0V or 0<->12V oscillation; LYS re-torque fixes '~95% of no-output cases' (vendor claim, attribute)",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB",
      "REDDIT"
     ],
     "notes": "connector torque; 95% claim attributed not fact"
    },
    {
     "component": "psu",
     "component_label": "PSU",
     "failure_mode": "Primary MOSFETs (GP47S60X/IPA60R060P7/STW48N60DM2/OSG65R069HS/JCS12N65FT) - blown 20A fuse, blackening at Q ('high failure under surge')",
     "frequency_qualifier": "frequently reported",
     "source_count": 1,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB"
     ],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "component": "psu",
     "component_label": "PSU",
     "failure_mode": "HF32F-G relay; STM32F334R8T6 MCU; GBJ3510 bridge rectifier; NTMFS5C430NL sync MOSFET; NCP1399AC LLC; 500V 250uF bulk cap (dry-out >3yr); NTC 8D-20; 20A glass fuse",
     "frequency_qualifier": "occasionally reported / single anecdotal (MCU)",
     "source_count": 2,
     "lenses": [
      "RWEB",
      "RCOST"
     ],
     "notes": "8-11V instead of 12V = sync MOSFET; ripple >0.1V = bulk cap"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "cross_model_patterns": [
  "Daisy-chain death — one dead or cold-solder chip disables the whole hashboard (downstream chips vanish). Seen across the S19, S19 Pro, S19j Pro, S21, T21, S17, L7 and Avalon families, and behind Whatsminer Error 542. The single most-reported ASIC failure family, explained by the series-wired hashboard architecture.",
  "Thermal-shock solder cracking on power-cycle — hot-to-cold cycling cracks marginal joints (“it was fine, then I rebooted it and a board died”). The 2025 headline finding on the S21/T21 generation.",
  "Power-domain failure — LDO drift plus 0.8 V/1.8 V filter-cap shorts and boost faults are the leading board-level “0 chips” cause across the S19, S19 XP, L7 and S21 families.",
  "Connectivity-first “not detected” — ribbon / signal cables, connectors, loose copper-bar bolts (Whatsminer) and controller-connector corrosion (Avalon) are the cheapest and most common not-detected causes.",
  "PSU is the dominant non-chip family — APW3++ cold-start and cap degradation; Whatsminer power-protection errors and copper-bolt torque; Bitaxe / NerdQaxe VRM and input-voltage sag.",
  "BM1370 voltage sensitivity — a narrow input window and a 0-GH/s-needs-cold-boot behaviour are documented in the Bitaxe Gamma ecosystem; extending this to the full S21 Pro/XP line is inference, flagged as such.",
  "VR/VRM is the open-source thermal bottleneck, not the ASIC — the regulator (CSD95472Q5MC on NerdQaxe, TPS546 on Bitaxe) overheats first, and the default telemetry often hides its temperature.",
  "Thermal-interface degradation — paste “measured in months”: S17 heatsink delamination (signature), Avalon dry-out, Bitaxe / NerdQaxe thermal-interface gaps.",
  "The S17/T17 line is the most-cited poor-reliability generation — a mix of community opinion and a third-party “30% failure” estimate (attributed, never presented as a measured rate).",
  "Newest flagships are sparse — S21 Pro/XP/+, Avalon A14/A15, Whatsminer M53/M56S are mostly in-warranty or commercial, so community data is thin. Stated honestly, not padded."
 ]
}