{
    "meta": {
        "title": "D-Central — Canadian Electricity Rates for Miners (city comparison + miner-access overlay)",
        "description": "Average electricity prices at mining-relevant load profiles (residential to 50 MW large power) for 22 North American cities, in Canadian ¢/kWh excluding taxes, from Hydro-Québec's 2025 \"Comparison of Electricity Prices in Major North American Cities\" (rates in effect April 1, 2025) — with D-Central's per-province miner-access overlay (BC ban, Manitoba regime change, Quebec Rate CB).",
        "generated": "2026-07-20T01:36:45+00:00",
        "as_of": "2026-07-19",
        "rates_as_of": "2025-04-01",
        "version": "1.0",
        "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "source": "https://d-central.tech/canada-electricity-rates-for-miners/",
        "primary_source": "https://www.hydroquebec.com/data/documents-donnees/pdf/comparaison-prix-2025-en.pdf",
        "method": "Price columns transcribed from the average-price tables (excluding taxes) of Hydro-Québec's 2025 comparison study (ISBN 978-2-555-02337-6): residential 1,000 & 3,000 kWh/month; small power 40 kW / 10,000 kWh; medium power 1,000 kW / 400,000 kWh (56% LF); large power 5,000 kW / 3,060,000 kWh and 50,000 kW / 30,600,000 kWh (85% LF). All values Canadian cents per kWh. Some city bills are estimated by Hydro-Québec (flagged per row). The miner-access overlay is D-Central's, cross-referenced with the Canada mining-rules dataset and re-verified July 2026.",
        "provenance": "Hydro-Québec annual comparison study (primary); Hydro-Québec Electricity Rates schedule Chapter 7 for Rate CB; BC Cryptocurrency Power Regulation; Manitoba Hydro directive + April 2026 legislation reporting.",
        "disclaimer": "Rates change annually and utility tariffs are the only binding source. Large industrial miners typically contract at negotiated, wholesale-linked or behind-the-meter prices not shown in urban tariff comparisons. Verify at source before site-selection or capital decisions."
    },
    "canadian_cities": [
        {
            "city": "Winnipeg",
            "province": "Manitoba",
            "code": "MB",
            "utility": "Manitoba Hydro",
            "res_1000": 10.53,
            "res_3000": 9.9,
            "sp_40kw": 9.69,
            "mp_1mw": 7.92,
            "lp_5mw": 6,
            "lp_50mw": 5.09,
            "access": "Dedicated regime being legislated",
            "access_class": "warn",
            "miner_note": "Cheapest large-power city in the entire 22-city study. But Manitoba's directive-backed moratorium on new crypto connections (Nov 2022) ran to April 30, 2026, and as of mid-2026 the province is legislating a dedicated regime instead: bills tabled in April 2026 would charge crypto operations and data centres up to 100% higher rates and allow peak-time curtailment. Confirm current connection policy with Manitoba Hydro before committing capital."
        },
        {
            "city": "Montréal",
            "province": "Quebec",
            "code": "QC",
            "utility": "Hydro-Québec",
            "res_1000": 8.29,
            "res_3000": 9.61,
            "sp_40kw": 12.08,
            "mp_1mw": 9.71,
            "lp_5mw": 5.83,
            "lp_50mw": 5.52,
            "access": "Capped & allocated (Rate CB)",
            "access_class": "bad",
            "miner_note": "The table prices are what a NORMAL industrial customer pays. A miner with ≥50 kW of installed capacity is placed on Rate CB and barred from Rate L/M; with block allocation suspended since January 2023, a new miner bills at 18.767¢/kWh on all energy — about 3.4× the large-power price shown here. Below 50 kW (home scale), residential Rate D applies normally: 7.065¢ first ~40 kWh/day, then 11.142¢ marginal."
        },
        {
            "city": "Vancouver",
            "province": "British Columbia",
            "code": "BC",
            "utility": "BC Hydro",
            "res_1000": 12.6,
            "res_3000": 13.17,
            "sp_40kw": 12.7,
            "mp_1mw": 9.73,
            "lp_5mw": 8.42,
            "lp_50mw": 6.72,
            "access": "New connections banned",
            "access_class": "bad",
            "miner_note": "BC's 2022 moratorium was made permanent: the Cryptocurrency Power Regulation relieves BC Hydro of any obligation to serve new cryptocurrency mining loads. Existing grandfathered sites continue; a new grid-connected mine is off the table. Residential-scale home mining is unaffected."
        },
        {
            "city": "St. John's",
            "province": "Newfoundland & Labrador",
            "code": "NL",
            "utility": "NL Hydro / Newfoundland Power",
            "res_1000": 15.59,
            "res_3000": 14.54,
            "sp_40kw": 14.59,
            "mp_1mw": 12.14,
            "lp_5mw": 11.15,
            "lp_50mw": 7.66,
            "access": "Standard process",
            "access_class": "ok",
            "miner_note": "Abundant hydro and no crypto-specific moratorium. Large-power price drops sharply at the ≥30 MW tier (NL Hydro rates apply above 30 MW demand; Newfoundland Power below)."
        },
        {
            "city": "Calgary",
            "province": "Alberta",
            "code": "AB",
            "utility": "ENMAX",
            "res_1000": 22.9,
            "res_3000": 20.51,
            "sp_40kw": 14.42,
            "mp_1mw": 11.07,
            "lp_5mw": 8.02,
            "lp_50mw": 7.99,
            "access": "Standard process (permissive)",
            "access_class": "ok",
            "miner_note": "Deregulated market, no crypto-specific restrictions, active behind-the-meter and flare-gas mining. The practical answer for new Canadian industrial mining — note the retail prices shown here are what urban customers pay; industrial miners in Alberta typically contract at wholesale-linked or behind-the-meter prices below them."
        },
        {
            "city": "Edmonton",
            "province": "Alberta",
            "code": "AB",
            "utility": "EPCOR",
            "res_1000": 22,
            "res_3000": 20.15,
            "sp_40kw": 20.99,
            "mp_1mw": 12.3,
            "lp_5mw": 10.17,
            "lp_50mw": 8.05,
            "access": "Standard process (permissive)",
            "access_class": "ok",
            "miner_note": "Same permissive Alberta framework as Calgary. Large-power bills at ≥500 kW estimated by Hydro-Québec from the applicable general rate."
        },
        {
            "city": "Regina",
            "province": "Saskatchewan",
            "code": "SK",
            "utility": "SaskPower",
            "res_1000": 17.89,
            "res_3000": 15.89,
            "sp_40kw": 15.43,
            "mp_1mw": 12.94,
            "lp_5mw": 9.57,
            "lp_50mw": 8.05,
            "access": "Standard process",
            "access_class": "ok",
            "miner_note": "No crypto-specific moratorium; standard industrial connection process through SaskPower."
        },
        {
            "city": "Moncton",
            "province": "New Brunswick",
            "code": "NB",
            "utility": "NB Power",
            "res_1000": 16.61,
            "res_3000": 14.64,
            "sp_40kw": 17.98,
            "mp_1mw": 15.89,
            "lp_5mw": 11.13,
            "lp_50mw": 10.63,
            "access": "Standard process",
            "access_class": "ok",
            "miner_note": "No province-wide crypto moratorium on NB Power's grid today; NB Power paused new crypto requests in 2022 while it developed policy, so confirm current policy for large loads."
        },
        {
            "city": "Charlottetown",
            "province": "Prince Edward Island",
            "code": "PE",
            "utility": "Maritime Electric",
            "res_1000": 19.69,
            "res_3000": 16.89,
            "sp_40kw": 20.44,
            "mp_1mw": 17.28,
            "lp_5mw": 11.27,
            "lp_50mw": 11.27,
            "access": "Limited capacity",
            "access_class": "warn",
            "miner_note": "Small island grid with limited spare capacity for large continuous loads; bills estimated by Hydro-Québec."
        },
        {
            "city": "Ottawa",
            "province": "Ontario",
            "code": "ON",
            "utility": "Hydro Ottawa",
            "res_1000": 14.35,
            "res_3000": 12.33,
            "sp_40kw": 14.14,
            "mp_1mw": 15.71,
            "lp_5mw": 12.75,
            "lp_50mw": 12.31,
            "access": "Standard process",
            "access_class": "ok",
            "miner_note": "No crypto-specific moratorium; normal IESO/OEB industrial connection process. Ontario's global-adjustment-heavy industrial pricing makes 24/7 base loads expensive relative to the hydro provinces."
        },
        {
            "city": "Toronto",
            "province": "Ontario",
            "code": "ON",
            "utility": "Toronto Hydro",
            "res_1000": 15.57,
            "res_3000": 12.89,
            "sp_40kw": 15.5,
            "mp_1mw": 17.27,
            "lp_5mw": 12.8,
            "lp_50mw": 12.66,
            "access": "Standard process",
            "access_class": "ok",
            "miner_note": "Same Ontario framework as Ottawa; bills estimated by Hydro-Québec. More than 2× Winnipeg's large-power price."
        },
        {
            "city": "Halifax",
            "province": "Nova Scotia",
            "code": "NS",
            "utility": "Nova Scotia Power",
            "res_1000": 20.48,
            "res_3000": 19.2,
            "sp_40kw": 19.19,
            "mp_1mw": 16.61,
            "lp_5mw": 13.43,
            "lp_50mw": 13.43,
            "access": "Standard process",
            "access_class": "ok",
            "miner_note": "Most expensive Canadian large-power city in the study — a thermal-heavy (coal/gas) grid. Legal to mine, hard to justify at grid rates."
        }
    ],
    "us_cities": [
        {
            "city": "Miami",
            "state": "FL",
            "res_1000": 18.75,
            "lp_5mw": 10.87,
            "lp_50mw": 8.68,
            "estimated": true
        },
        {
            "city": "Detroit",
            "state": "MI",
            "res_1000": 29.62,
            "lp_5mw": 9.62,
            "lp_50mw": 9.22,
            "estimated": true
        },
        {
            "city": "Chicago",
            "state": "IL",
            "res_1000": 24.33,
            "lp_5mw": 11.77,
            "lp_50mw": 9.25,
            "estimated": false
        },
        {
            "city": "Nashville",
            "state": "TN",
            "res_1000": 19.7,
            "lp_5mw": 13.97,
            "lp_50mw": 10.04,
            "estimated": false
        },
        {
            "city": "Seattle",
            "state": "WA",
            "res_1000": 18.97,
            "lp_5mw": 13.31,
            "lp_50mw": 12.16,
            "estimated": false
        },
        {
            "city": "Portland",
            "state": "OR",
            "res_1000": 23.9,
            "lp_5mw": 13.13,
            "lp_50mw": 12.35,
            "estimated": true
        },
        {
            "city": "Houston",
            "state": "TX",
            "res_1000": 26.07,
            "lp_5mw": 14.35,
            "lp_50mw": 12.9,
            "estimated": true
        },
        {
            "city": "New York",
            "state": "NY",
            "res_1000": 52.48,
            "lp_5mw": 22.9,
            "lp_50mw": 22.88,
            "estimated": true
        },
        {
            "city": "San Francisco",
            "state": "CA",
            "res_1000": 59.94,
            "lp_5mw": 24.33,
            "lp_50mw": 23.88,
            "estimated": true
        },
        {
            "city": "Boston",
            "state": "MA",
            "res_1000": 47.87,
            "lp_5mw": 28.19,
            "lp_50mw": 24.58,
            "estimated": false
        }
    ]
}