{ "meta": { "title": "D-Central — Bitcoin Mining & Sovereignty Glossary", "description": "1443 defined terms covering Bitcoin mining, ASIC hardware, firmware, pools, energy, and digital-sovereignty concepts — each with a short definition, category, word count and canonical URL. Machine-readable companion to the on-site glossary.", "generated": "2026-06-20T03:28:17+00:00", "version": "1.0", "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "license_name": "CC BY 4.0", "source": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/", "record_count": 1443, "disclaimer": "Definitions are educational summaries derived from D-Central glossary entries; not financial or legal advice." }, "rows": [ { "id": "2-5d-3d-ic-packaging", "term": "2.5D / 3D IC Packaging", "slug": "2-5d-3d-ic-packaging", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/2-5d-3d-ic-packaging/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Advanced packaging that places dies side by side on an interposer (2.5D) or stacks them vertically (3D) using through-silicon vias.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "208v-vs-240v", "term": "208V vs 240V", "slug": "208v-vs-240v", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/208v-vs-240v/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "240V is single-phase residential; 208V is the phase-to-phase voltage from a commercial 120/208V three-phase wye system, ~13% lower.", "word_count": 295, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "240v-outlet", "term": "240V Outlet", "slug": "240v-outlet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/240v-outlet/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "A high-voltage outlet providing enough power for full-size miners. Standard in homes for dryers and ranges.", "word_count": 176, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "51-percent-attack", "term": "51% Attack", "slug": "51-percent-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/51-percent-attack/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A theoretical attack requiring over 50% of network hashrate to double-spend or censor transactions.", "word_count": 210, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "80-plus-psu-efficiency", "term": "80 Plus (PSU Efficiency Rating)", "slug": "80-plus-psu-efficiency", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/80-plus-psu-efficiency/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A voluntary certification grading power supplies by energy efficiency, from 80 Plus White through Bronze, Gold, Platinum and Titanium.", "word_count": 265, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "absolute-timelock", "term": "Absolute Timelock", "slug": "absolute-timelock", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/absolute-timelock/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A spending constraint that blocks a transaction until a specific block height or Unix time, set by nLockTime and enforced by CLTV.", "word_count": 252, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "absorption-chiller", "term": "Absorption Chiller", "slug": "absorption-chiller", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/absorption-chiller/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A refrigeration unit that produces cooling from a heat source instead of a compressor, letting waste heat drive air conditioning.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "account-hd-wallet", "term": "Account (HD Wallet)", "slug": "account-hd-wallet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/account-hd-wallet/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A hardened branch of an HD wallet (BIP44 level m/purpose'/coin'/account') that isolates a self-contained pool of funds with its own keys and addresses.", "word_count": 245, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "activation-function", "term": "Activation Function", "slug": "activation-function", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/activation-function/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A nonlinear function applied to neuron outputs that lets a network learn complex patterns; modern transformers favor GELU and SwiGLU.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "activation-recomputation", "term": "Activation Recomputation", "slug": "activation-recomputation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/activation-recomputation/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Discarding intermediate activations in the forward pass and recomputing them during backprop to save memory at the cost of extra compute.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "activation-threshold", "term": "Activation Threshold", "slug": "activation-threshold", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/activation-threshold/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The supermajority of signaling blocks a soft fork must reach within a retarget window to lock in, classically 1,916 of 2,016 blocks (95%).", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "adapter-llm", "term": "Adapter (LLM)", "slug": "adapter-llm", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/adapter-llm/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Small trainable bottleneck modules inserted between a model's frozen layers to adapt it to a new task efficiently.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "adapter-layer", "term": "Adapter Layer", "slug": "adapter-layer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/adapter-layer/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A small bottleneck module inserted into transformer blocks that is trained while the base model stays frozen, enabling parameter-efficient fine-tuning.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "adaptor-signature", "term": "Adaptor Signature", "slug": "adaptor-signature", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/adaptor-signature/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A signature that, once published, reveals a hidden secret, enabling atomic swaps and private contracts without on-chain scripts.", "word_count": 296, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "address-manager-addrman", "term": "Address Manager (addrman)", "slug": "address-manager-addrman", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/address-manager-addrman/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin Core's peer-address database, split into \"new\" and \"tried\" tables and bucketed to resist address-table poisoning.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "address-reuse", "term": "Address Reuse", "slug": "address-reuse", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/address-reuse/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Receiving more than once to the same Bitcoin address, which links transactions and undermines both privacy and security.", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "addrv2-bip155", "term": "addrv2 (BIP155)", "slug": "addrv2-bip155", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/addrv2-bip155/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Bitcoin P2P message that gossips peer addresses with support for longer formats like Tor v3, I2P, CJDNS, and Yggdrasil.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "adiabatic-evaporative-cooling", "term": "Adiabatic / Evaporative Cooling", "slug": "adiabatic-evaporative-cooling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/adiabatic-evaporative-cooling/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Cooling that lowers air temperature by evaporating water, trading higher water use for lower energy use to extend free-cooling hours in dry climates.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "adjusted-cost-base-acb", "term": "Adjusted Cost Base (ACB)", "slug": "adjusted-cost-base-acb", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/adjusted-cost-base-acb/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Your running average CAD cost per unit of an identical asset like Bitcoin, used to calculate capital gains under CRA rules.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "advantage-estimation", "term": "Advantage Estimation", "slug": "advantage-estimation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/advantage-estimation/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Estimating how much better an action was than average, lowering variance in policy-gradient training; GAE is the standard method in RLHF.", "word_count": 294, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "adversarial-example", "term": "Adversarial Example", "slug": "adversarial-example", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/adversarial-example/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An input crafted with small, often imperceptible perturbations that causes a model to make a confident, incorrect prediction.", "word_count": 292, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "agent-memory", "term": "Agent Memory", "slug": "agent-memory", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/agent-memory/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The systems that let an AI agent retain and recall information beyond a single context window, spanning short-term working memory and long-term stores.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "agent-to-agent-a2a", "term": "Agent-to-Agent (A2A)", "slug": "agent-to-agent-a2a", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/agent-to-agent-a2a/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An open protocol letting independent AI agents discover, authenticate, and delegate tasks to each other across platforms and vendors.", "word_count": 290, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "agentic-workflow", "term": "Agentic Workflow", "slug": "agentic-workflow", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/agentic-workflow/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An AI process where a model plans, calls tools in a loop, and acts over multiple steps toward a goal with limited human input.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ai-agent", "term": "AI Agent", "slug": "ai-agent", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ai-agent/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An LLM-driven system that plans, calls tools, and acts in loops to accomplish a goal with minimal step-by-step human direction.", "word_count": 293, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ai-alignment", "term": "AI Alignment", "slug": "ai-alignment", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ai-alignment/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The research effort to make AI systems pursue goals and produce behavior consistent with human values and intentions.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ai-watermarking", "term": "AI Watermarking", "slug": "ai-watermarking", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ai-watermarking/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Embedding an imperceptible, detectable signal into AI-generated media so its machine origin can later be verified.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "aida-artificial-intelligence-data-act", "term": "AIDA (Artificial Intelligence and Data Act)", "slug": "aida-artificial-intelligence-data-act", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/aida-artificial-intelligence-data-act/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Canada's proposed federal AI law within Bill C-27, targeting high-impact AI systems; it died on the order paper when Parliament was prorogued in January 2025.", "word_count": 311, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "air-containment", "term": "Air Containment", "slug": "air-containment", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/air-containment/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Physical barriers (doors, ceilings, panels) that seal hot or cold aisles so exhaust and supply air cannot mix in a Hashcenter.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "air-cooling", "term": "Air Cooling", "slug": "air-cooling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/air-cooling/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Standard miner cooling using fans and heatsinks. Simple and effective but can be noisy for home use.", "word_count": 188, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "air-gapped-ai", "term": "Air-Gapped AI", "slug": "air-gapped-ai", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/air-gapped-ai/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Running AI models on hardware physically isolated from the internet, so prompts, data, and weights never leave a network you control.", "word_count": 323, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "air-gapped-signing", "term": "Air-Gapped Signing", "slug": "air-gapped-signing", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/air-gapped-signing/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Signing a Bitcoin transaction on a device with no network connection, moving data in and out via QR codes, SD card, or NFC using the PSBT format.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "air-side-economizer", "term": "Air-Side Economizer (Free Cooling)", "slug": "air-side-economizer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/air-side-economizer/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A cooling mode that ducts filtered outdoor air directly to IT equipment when it is cool enough, skipping mechanical refrigeration to save energy.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "altcoin", "term": "Altcoin", "slug": "altcoin", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/altcoin/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A general label for any cryptocurrency other than Bitcoin; short for \"alternative coin,\" covering thousands of distinct projects.", "word_count": 262, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "aml-anti-money-laundering", "term": "AML (Anti-Money Laundering)", "slug": "aml-anti-money-laundering", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/aml-anti-money-laundering/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The body of laws and controls that obligated financial firms use to detect and report attempts to disguise illicit funds.", "word_count": 292, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "amtc-antminer-maintenance-training-center", "term": "AMTC (Antminer Maintenance Training Center)", "slug": "amtc-antminer-maintenance-training-center", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/amtc-antminer-maintenance-training-center/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Bitmain's official ASIC-repair training and certification program, formerly the Ant Training Academy, issuing graded technician certificates.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "analog-to-digital-converter", "term": "Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)", "slug": "analog-to-digital-converter", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/analog-to-digital-converter/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Circuitry that turns sensor voltages into digital numbers, letting an ASIC's controller read temperature, current, and voltage.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ancestor-descendant-limits", "term": "Ancestor and Descendant Limits", "slug": "ancestor-descendant-limits", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ancestor-descendant-limits/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Mempool policy caps on how many unconfirmed transactions can chain together — historically 25 / 101 kvB — to bound the cost of recalculation and eviction.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "anchor-connection", "term": "Anchor Connection", "slug": "anchor-connection", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/anchor-connection/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Peers a Bitcoin Core node saves to anchors.dat and reconnects to first on startup, mitigating restart-based eclipse attacks.", "word_count": 251, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "anchor-output", "term": "Anchor Output", "slug": "anchor-output", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/anchor-output/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A small, spendable output on a Lightning commitment transaction that lets either channel party fee-bump it via CPFP after broadcast.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ancillary-services", "term": "Ancillary Services", "slug": "ancillary-services", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ancillary-services/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Grid support services like frequency, voltage, and reserves that keep electricity reliable, which flexible loads can be paid to provide.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "annular-ring", "term": "Annular Ring", "slug": "annular-ring", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/annular-ring/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "The copper ring around a drilled hole on a PCB; a thin or broken ring causes unreliable joints and lifted pads.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "anoncreds", "term": "AnonCreds", "slug": "anoncreds", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/anoncreds/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An anonymous-credential format using zero-knowledge proofs and predicates to maximize privacy and unlinkability when sharing verifiable data.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "anonymity-set", "term": "Anonymity Set", "slug": "anonymity-set", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/anonymity-set/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The number of equally plausible owners a coin could belong to after a privacy operation; larger sets mean stronger deniability.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "antenna-gain-dbi", "term": "Antenna Gain (dBi)", "slug": "antenna-gain-dbi", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/antenna-gain-dbi/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "How much an antenna concentrates radio energy in a direction, measured in decibels relative to a theoretical isotropic radiator.", "word_count": 242, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "antpool", "term": "AntPool", "slug": "antpool", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/antpool/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A large Bitcoin mining pool launched in 2014 by ASIC manufacturer Bitmain, offering FPPS, PPS+, and PPLNS payout options.", "word_count": 227, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "any-to-any-model", "term": "Any-to-Any Model", "slug": "any-to-any-model", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/any-to-any-model/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A unified model that can take input in any modality and generate output in any modality - text, image, audio, or video - within one architecture.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "anycast", "term": "Anycast", "slug": "anycast", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/anycast/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A routing technique where one IP address is announced from many locations so each user reaches the topologically nearest instance.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "anyprevout", "term": "AnyPrevOut (APO / BIP-118)", "slug": "anyprevout", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/anyprevout/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A proposed SIGHASH flag (BIP-118) letting a signature skip committing to the input it spends, enabling eltoo-style Lightning channels.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "apache-license-2-0", "term": "Apache License 2.0", "slug": "apache-license-2-0", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/apache-license-2-0/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "A permissive open-source license with an explicit patent grant and a NOTICE-file attribution requirement, widely used in larger projects.", "word_count": 242, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "apartment-mining", "term": "Apartment Mining", "slug": "apartment-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/apartment-mining/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Mining in an apartment requires quiet hardware and low power. Open-source miners like Bitaxe are ideal.", "word_count": 200, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "approximate-nearest-neighbor-ann", "term": "Approximate Nearest Neighbor (ANN)", "slug": "approximate-nearest-neighbor-ann", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/approximate-nearest-neighbor-ann/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Search algorithms that find the closest vectors quickly by trading a little accuracy (recall) for large speed gains over exact search.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "aprs", "term": "APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting System)", "slug": "aprs", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/aprs/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Amateur-radio digital protocol for real-time position, telemetry, and short messages over the AX.25 packet stack, independent of internet or cell coverage.", "word_count": 296, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "arc-flash", "term": "Arc Flash", "slug": "arc-flash", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/arc-flash/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "An explosive release of energy from an electric arc fault, producing intense heat, light, and a pressure blast that can severely injure nearby workers.", "word_count": 280, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "aredn", "term": "AREDN (Amateur Radio Emergency Data Network)", "slug": "aredn", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/aredn/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "OpenWrt-based firmware that turns off-the-shelf WiFi gear into a licensed amateur-radio mesh for resilient, infrastructure-free data links.", "word_count": 299, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "arithmetic-intensity", "term": "Arithmetic Intensity", "slug": "arithmetic-intensity", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/arithmetic-intensity/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The ratio of arithmetic operations to bytes moved from memory (FLOPs per byte) — the key number that decides if a workload is compute- or memory-bound.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ark", "term": "Ark", "slug": "ark", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ark/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Bitcoin off-chain protocol using shared UTXOs and virtual UTXOs, coordinated by an Ark Service Provider for cheap payments.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ark-protocol", "term": "Ark (Protocol)", "slug": "ark-protocol", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ark-protocol/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "An experimental Bitcoin layer-2 using shared UTXOs and virtual outputs (VTXOs) for cheap off-chain payments without per-user channels.", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ashrae-thermal-guidelines", "term": "ASHRAE Thermal Guidelines", "slug": "ashrae-thermal-guidelines", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ashrae-thermal-guidelines/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Industry temperature and humidity envelopes (classes A1-A4) from ASHRAE TC 9.9 that define recommended and allowable operating conditions for IT gear.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "asic", "term": "ASIC", "slug": "asic", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/asic/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A specialized chip designed exclusively for Bitcoin mining, far faster and more efficient than general-purpose hardware.", "word_count": 209, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "asic-chip", "term": "ASIC Chip", "slug": "asic-chip", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/asic-chip/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "An individual mining chip that performs SHA-256 hashing. Modern miners contain dozens to hundreds of these.", "word_count": 171, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "asic-resale-market", "term": "ASIC Resale Market", "slug": "asic-resale-market", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/asic-resale-market/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The secondary market where used and refurbished ASIC miners change hands, with prices tracking Bitcoin price, difficulty, and machine efficiency.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "asicboost", "term": "ASICBoost", "slug": "asicboost", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/asicboost/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "An optimization that exploits a quirk in Bitcoin's proof-of-work to cut mining energy use by roughly 15 to 30 percent.", "word_count": 262, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "asset-issuance", "term": "Asset Issuance", "slug": "asset-issuance", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/asset-issuance/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Creating a new tokenized asset on a Bitcoin sidechain, permissionlessly defining its supply and properties alongside L-BTC.", "word_count": 246, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "assume-valid-assumevalid", "term": "Assume Valid (assumevalid)", "slug": "assume-valid-assumevalid", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/assume-valid-assumevalid/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Bitcoin Core setting that skips signature checks on transactions before a known-good block, greatly speeding initial block download.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "assumeutxo", "term": "AssumeUTXO", "slug": "assumeutxo", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/assumeutxo/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Bitcoin Core feature that bootstraps a node from a recent UTXO snapshot for near-instant usability, then validates all history in the background.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "atomic-multipath-payments-amp", "term": "Atomic Multipath Payments (AMP)", "slug": "atomic-multipath-payments-amp", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/atomic-multipath-payments-amp/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Lightning multipath scheme where each shard carries a unique hash, giving an all-or-nothing cryptographic settlement guarantee.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "attack-surface", "term": "Attack Surface", "slug": "attack-surface", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/attack-surface/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The complete set of points where an attacker could try to enter, affect, or extract data from a system; reducing it is a core hardening goal.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "attention-sink", "term": "Attention Sink", "slug": "attention-sink", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/attention-sink/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Initial tokens that absorb a large share of attention weight regardless of meaning, acting as a stabilizing anchor for the softmax.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "attenuation-rf", "term": "Attenuation (RF)", "slug": "attenuation-rf", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/attenuation-rf/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The reduction in radio signal power as it spreads and passes through space, obstacles, cables, or weather.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "autogen", "term": "AutoGen", "slug": "autogen", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/autogen/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An open-source Microsoft framework for building multi-agent AI applications where agents converse, use tools, and collaborate on tasks.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "automatic-generation-control", "term": "Automatic Generation Control", "slug": "automatic-generation-control", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/automatic-generation-control/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A centralized closed-loop system that adjusts generator output every few seconds to hold frequency and keep tie-line interchange on schedule.", "word_count": 225, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "automatic-speech-recognition", "term": "Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)", "slug": "automatic-speech-recognition", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/automatic-speech-recognition/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "AI that transcribes spoken audio into text; OpenAI's open-weight Whisper is the best-known modern example.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "automatic-transfer-switch", "term": "Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS)", "slug": "automatic-transfer-switch", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/automatic-transfer-switch/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A device that detects a power-source failure and automatically switches the load between utility, generator, or backup sources.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "autotuning", "term": "Autotuning", "slug": "autotuning", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/autotuning/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "A firmware feature that calculates each chip's optimal frequency and each domain's voltage at runtime to maximize efficiency — values are computed, not preset.", "word_count": 224, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "awq", "term": "AWQ (Activation-aware Weight Quantization)", "slug": "awq", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/awq/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A weight-only LLM quantization method that protects a small set of salient weights by scaling them based on activation magnitudes.", "word_count": 283, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "axeos", "term": "AxeOS", "slug": "axeos", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/axeos/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "Open-source firmware for Bitaxe miners. Web interface for pool setup, tuning, and monitoring.", "word_count": 194, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "b-money", "term": "b-money", "slug": "b-money", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/b-money/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "Wei Dai's 1998 proposal for an anonymous, distributed electronic cash system, cited as a precursor in the Bitcoin whitepaper.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "batman-routing", "term": "B.A.T.M.A.N. (Routing Protocol)", "slug": "batman-routing", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/batman-routing/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A proactive, loop-free mesh routing protocol from the Freifunk community; batman-adv routes at Layer 2 inside the Linux kernel.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "backpropagation", "term": "Backpropagation", "slug": "backpropagation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/backpropagation/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The algorithm that computes how each weight affects the loss, enabling neural networks to learn.", "word_count": 247, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bail-in", "term": "Bail-In", "slug": "bail-in", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bail-in/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A bank-rescue mechanism that imposes losses on the failing bank's shareholders, bondholders, and uninsured depositors instead of taxpayers.", "word_count": 248, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bank-run", "term": "Bank Run", "slug": "bank-run", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bank-run/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A surge of depositors withdrawing funds simultaneously, exceeding a bank's available reserves and threatening its solvency.", "word_count": 245, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "baseload", "term": "Baseload", "slug": "baseload", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/baseload/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The minimum, continuous level of electricity demand on a grid, met by generators that run around the clock at steady output.", "word_count": 282, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "baseload-vs-peaking-power", "term": "Baseload vs Peaking Power", "slug": "baseload-vs-peaking-power", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/baseload-vs-peaking-power/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Baseload plants run continuously at high capacity factor; peakers run briefly (under ~15-20%) for demand spikes. Mining is a natural baseload buyer.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "batch-size-inference", "term": "Batch Size (Inference)", "slug": "batch-size-inference", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/batch-size-inference/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The number of requests or sequences an LLM processes together in one pass; larger batches raise throughput but can increase per-request latency.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "battery-energy-storage-system", "term": "Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)", "slug": "battery-energy-storage-system", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/battery-energy-storage-system/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Grid-scale battery banks plus power electronics that store electricity for backup, peak shaving, and frequency support at mining sites.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "baud-rate", "term": "Baud Rate", "slug": "baud-rate", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/baud-rate/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The signaling speed of a serial line in symbols per second; must match on both ends or the console output is garbled. 115200 8N1 is the standard for miner control boards.", "word_count": 251, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bbs-plus-signature", "term": "BBS+ Signature", "slug": "bbs-plus-signature", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bbs-plus-signature/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A signature scheme that signs many messages at once and lets a holder prove possession while revealing only a chosen subset, with unlinkability.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "beam-search", "term": "Beam Search", "slug": "beam-search", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/beam-search/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A deterministic decoding method that keeps the k most probable partial sequences at each step, trading speed for higher-likelihood output.", "word_count": 239, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "beam-width", "term": "Beam Width", "slug": "beam-width", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/beam-width/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The number of candidate sequences (k) that beam search keeps alive at each decoding step, trading output quality against compute and memory cost.", "word_count": 282, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bear-market", "term": "Bear Market", "slug": "bear-market", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bear-market/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A sustained period of falling prices and pessimism, often defined as a 20% or greater decline from recent highs.", "word_count": 244, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bearer-asset", "term": "Bearer Asset", "slug": "bearer-asset", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bearer-asset/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An asset whose ownership is established by possession alone — no registry, account, or intermediary. Cash and physical gold are classic examples; self-custodied Bitcoin is digital bearer money.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bech32", "term": "Bech32", "slug": "bech32", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bech32/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Checksummed Base32 encoding for native SegWit v0 addresses (bc1q), with strong typo error detection.", "word_count": 229, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bech32m", "term": "Bech32m", "slug": "bech32m", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bech32m/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bech32 variant (BIP350) for SegWit v1+ addresses like Taproot (bc1p), fixing an insertion/deletion flaw.", "word_count": 212, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "behind-the-meter", "term": "Behind-the-Meter", "slug": "behind-the-meter", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/behind-the-meter/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Power consumed at the generation site, before the utility meter, so it never touches the public grid — a low-cost, curtailment-proof model for miners.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bench-power-supply", "term": "Bench Power Supply", "slug": "bench-power-supply", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bench-power-supply/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "An adjustable DC supply with current limiting, used to safely power and diagnose hashboards on the repair bench.", "word_count": 296, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "best-of-n-sampling", "term": "Best-of-N Sampling", "slug": "best-of-n-sampling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/best-of-n-sampling/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An inference-time method that draws N candidate responses and returns the one a reward model scores highest, improving quality without retraining.", "word_count": 248, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bf16-bfloat16", "term": "BF16 (bfloat16)", "slug": "bf16-bfloat16", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bf16-bfloat16/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "16-bit float with 8 exponent + 7 mantissa bits, keeping FP32's dynamic range while halving memory for stable AI training.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bga-ball-grid-array", "term": "BGA (Ball Grid Array)", "slug": "bga-ball-grid-array", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bga-ball-grid-array/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Surface-mount chip package where hundreds of solder balls under the die form the electrical connection to the hashboard PCB.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bgp-border-gateway-protocol", "term": "BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)", "slug": "bgp-border-gateway-protocol", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bgp-border-gateway-protocol/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The path-vector routing protocol that exchanges reachability between autonomous systems and effectively stitches the global internet together.", "word_count": 305, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bias-variance-tradeoff", "term": "Bias-Variance Tradeoff", "slug": "bias-variance-tradeoff", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bias-variance-tradeoff/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The core ML tension: too-simple models have high bias (underfit); too-complex models have high variance (overfit). Good generalization balances the two.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bill-96-quebec-french-language", "term": "Bill 96 (Quebec French-Language Law)", "slug": "bill-96-quebec-french-language", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bill-96-quebec-french-language/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Quebec's 2022 law strengthening the Charter of the French Language, requiring French in commerce, software, websites and workplace tech for businesses serving Quebec.", "word_count": 320, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "binary-quantization-embeddings", "term": "Binary Quantization (Embeddings)", "slug": "binary-quantization-embeddings", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/binary-quantization-embeddings/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Compressing each embedding dimension to a single bit (sign), enabling 32x smaller storage and Hamming-distance search, usually with a float rescore.", "word_count": 282, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bip-process", "term": "BIP Process (BIP 2)", "slug": "bip-process", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bip-process/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The workflow defined in BIP 2 for proposing, numbering, reviewing, and ratifying Bitcoin Improvement Proposals.", "word_count": 288, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bip21-bitcoin-uri", "term": "BIP21 (Bitcoin URI Scheme)", "slug": "bip21-bitcoin-uri", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bip21-bitcoin-uri/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The bitcoin: URI standard that encodes a payment address plus optional amount, label, and message, so QR codes and links can open a prefilled wallet.", "word_count": 222, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bip21-payment-uri", "term": "BIP21 Payment URI", "slug": "bip21-payment-uri", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bip21-payment-uri/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The bitcoin: URI scheme that encodes an address plus optional amount, label, and message so wallets can prefill a payment from a link or QR code.", "word_count": 251, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bip32-hd-wallets", "term": "BIP32 (Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets)", "slug": "bip32-hd-wallets", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bip32-hd-wallets/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The standard that derives an entire tree of Bitcoin keys from a single seed, so one backup recovers every address a wallet ever generates.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bip324-v2-encrypted-transport", "term": "BIP324 (v2 Encrypted P2P Transport)", "slug": "bip324-v2-encrypted-transport", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bip324-v2-encrypted-transport/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin's version-2 peer-to-peer transport that opportunistically encrypts node-to-node traffic, replacing the legacy plaintext protocol.", "word_count": 296, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bip44-derivation-path", "term": "BIP44 Derivation Path", "slug": "bip44-derivation-path", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bip44-derivation-path/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A standard HD-wallet path format (m/purpose'/coin'/account'/change/index) that organizes keys by coin and account from one seed.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bip47-payment-code", "term": "BIP47 (Reusable Payment Codes / PayNym)", "slug": "bip47-payment-code", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bip47-payment-code/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Bitcoin standard for a publicly shareable payment code that generates a fresh, unlinkable address for every payment between two parties.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bip70-payment-protocol", "term": "BIP70 (Payment Protocol)", "slug": "bip70-payment-protocol", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bip70-payment-protocol/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A deprecated Bitcoin payment protocol that used X.509 certificates and signed PaymentRequest messages for merchant identity; removed from Bitcoin Core.", "word_count": 265, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bip85-deterministic-entropy", "term": "BIP85 (Deterministic Entropy)", "slug": "bip85-deterministic-entropy", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bip85-deterministic-entropy/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A standard for deriving many independent BIP-39 child seeds from a single BIP-32 master key, each recoverable from the parent.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bip9-version-bits", "term": "BIP9 / Version Bits", "slug": "bip9-version-bits", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bip9-version-bits/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A soft-fork activation mechanism using bits in the block version field for miner signaling, with a 95% threshold over a retarget window.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bit-gold", "term": "Bit Gold", "slug": "bit-gold", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bit-gold/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "Nick Szabo's proposal for decentralized digital money using chained proof-of-work, conceived in 1998 and detailed publicly in 2005.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bitaxe", "term": "Bitaxe", "slug": "bitaxe", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bitaxe/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "An open-source solo Bitcoin miner. D-Central is a pioneer manufacturer with the original Mesh Stand.", "word_count": 215, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "bitbox02", "term": "BitBox02", "slug": "bitbox02", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bitbox02/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Swiss hardware wallet by Shift Crypto with open-source, deterministically buildable firmware, a dual-chip design, and a touch-slider interface.", "word_count": 213, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bitcoin-core", "term": "Bitcoin Core", "slug": "bitcoin-core", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bitcoin-core/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The reference full-node implementation of Bitcoin: validates blocks and transactions and ships an integrated wallet. MIT-licensed.", "word_count": 299, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bitcoin-core-maintainer", "term": "Bitcoin Core Maintainer", "slug": "bitcoin-core-maintainer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bitcoin-core-maintainer/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A contributor with commit access who merges changes that reach rough consensus; a janitorial role, not a position of authority over Bitcoin.", "word_count": 244, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bitcoin-core-release-process", "term": "Bitcoin Core Release Process", "slug": "bitcoin-core-release-process", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bitcoin-core-release-process/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The procedure for cutting a Bitcoin Core release: branch, release candidates, reproducible builds, signing, and publication.", "word_count": 248, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bitcoin-dev-mailing-list", "term": "Bitcoin Developer Mailing List", "slug": "bitcoin-dev-mailing-list", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bitcoin-dev-mailing-list/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The public email forum (bitcoindev) where protocol changes, BIPs, and technical proposals are discussed and archived.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bitcoin-faucet", "term": "Bitcoin Faucet", "slug": "bitcoin-faucet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bitcoin-faucet/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A service that dispenses small amounts of coins for free, most commonly valueless testnet coins used by developers to test software.", "word_count": 218, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bitcoin-knots", "term": "Bitcoin Knots", "slug": "bitcoin-knots", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bitcoin-knots/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An alternative Bitcoin full-node implementation derived from Bitcoin Core, maintained by Luke Dashjr, with extra configuration options.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bitcoin-pizza-day", "term": "Bitcoin Pizza Day", "slug": "bitcoin-pizza-day", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bitcoin-pizza-day/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "May 22, marking the 2010 purchase of two pizzas for 10,000 BTC, Bitcoin's first documented real-world commercial transaction.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bitcoin-script", "term": "Bitcoin Script", "slug": "bitcoin-script", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bitcoin-script/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin's stack-based, intentionally non-Turing-complete scripting language that defines the conditions under which coins can be spent.", "word_count": 284, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bitcoin-vault", "term": "Bitcoin Vault", "slug": "bitcoin-vault", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bitcoin-vault/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A covenant-based custody scheme that imposes a delay and clawback path on withdrawals, letting an owner reverse an unauthorized spend.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bitcoin-vault-concept", "term": "Bitcoin Vault (Concept)", "slug": "bitcoin-vault-concept", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bitcoin-vault-concept/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A self-custody pattern that adds a time delay and a recovery path to spends, giving owners a window to claw stolen coins back to cold storage.", "word_count": 286, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bitcoin-whitepaper", "term": "Bitcoin Whitepaper", "slug": "bitcoin-whitepaper", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bitcoin-whitepaper/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The nine-page 2008 document by Satoshi Nakamoto that defined Bitcoin as a peer-to-peer electronic cash system.", "word_count": 283, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bits", "term": "Bits", "slug": "bits", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bits/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "A compact encoding of the mining difficulty target stored in each block header.", "word_count": 172, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "bitsandbytes", "term": "bitsandbytes", "slug": "bitsandbytes", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bitsandbytes/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An open-source library providing on-the-fly 8-bit and 4-bit (NF4/FP4) quantization for LLM training and inference in PyTorch.", "word_count": 262, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bitvm", "term": "BitVM", "slug": "bitvm", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bitvm/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A scheme for verifying arbitrary computation on Bitcoin via off-chain execution and on-chain fraud proofs, needing no soft fork.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bitvm2", "term": "BitVM2", "slug": "bitvm2", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bitvm2/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A scheme for verifying arbitrary computation on Bitcoin via optimistic execution and permissionless on-chain fraud proofs; no soft fork required.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "black-start", "term": "Black Start", "slug": "black-start", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/black-start/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Restarting a generator or grid section from total shutdown without external power, then re-energizing the network step by step after a blackout.", "word_count": 240, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "blame-round", "term": "Blame Round", "slug": "blame-round", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/blame-round/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A CoinJoin retry that excludes participants who failed to sign, letting cooperative users still complete the mix.", "word_count": 251, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bleu-and-rouge-metrics", "term": "BLEU and ROUGE", "slug": "bleu-and-rouge-metrics", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bleu-and-rouge-metrics/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Classic text-overlap metrics: BLEU scores translation by n-gram precision, ROUGE scores summaries by n-gram recall.", "word_count": 321, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "blinded-signature", "term": "Blinded Signature", "slug": "blinded-signature", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/blinded-signature/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A digital signature created over a message the signer cannot read, so the issued signature can't later be linked to the signing session.", "word_count": 265, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "block", "term": "Block", "slug": "block", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/block/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "A bundle of Bitcoin transactions added to the blockchain. Miners compete to create each new block.", "word_count": 171, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "block-explorer", "term": "Block Explorer", "slug": "block-explorer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/block-explorer/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A web tool that lets anyone search and inspect blocks, transactions, addresses, and mempool data on a blockchain in real time.", "word_count": 229, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "block-filter-index", "term": "Block Filter Index", "slug": "block-filter-index", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/block-filter-index/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "An optional Bitcoin Core index that builds BIP158 compact block filters, letting light wallets find relevant transactions privately.", "word_count": 291, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "block-find-probability", "term": "Block Find Probability", "slug": "block-find-probability", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/block-find-probability/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "The odds of your miner finding a block based on your share of network hashrate. Low for small miners but never zero.", "word_count": 193, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "block-header", "term": "Block Header", "slug": "block-header", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/block-header/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The 80-byte section of a block that miners hash. Contains version, previous hash, Merkle root, time, target, and nonce.", "word_count": 181, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "block-height", "term": "Block Height", "slug": "block-height", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/block-height/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The position number of a block in the blockchain, starting from zero at the genesis block.", "word_count": 162, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "block-propagation", "term": "Block Propagation", "slug": "block-propagation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/block-propagation/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The process by which a newly found block spreads across the Bitcoin peer-to-peer network so every node can validate and build on it.", "word_count": 247, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "block-reorganization", "term": "Block Reorganization (Reorg)", "slug": "block-reorganization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/block-reorganization/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "When nodes drop their current chain tip for a longer competing branch with more accumulated proof-of-work.", "word_count": 245, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "block-reward", "term": "Block Reward", "slug": "block-reward", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/block-reward/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The Bitcoin earned by mining a block. Currently 3.125 BTC, it halves roughly every four years.", "word_count": 185, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "block-size-war", "term": "Block Size War", "slug": "block-size-war", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/block-size-war/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The 2015-2017 conflict over whether to raise Bitcoin's block size limit, resolved by SegWit activation and rejection of SegWit2x.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "block-subsidy", "term": "Block Subsidy", "slug": "block-subsidy", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/block-subsidy/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The newly created Bitcoin in each block, currently 3.125 BTC. Halves every four years until supply reaches 21M.", "word_count": 656, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "block-subsidy-reduction-hedge", "term": "Block Subsidy Reduction Hedge (Halving Hedge)", "slug": "block-subsidy-reduction-hedge", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/block-subsidy-reduction-hedge/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Using hashrate forwards or futures to lock in mining revenue ahead of a halving, cushioning the scheduled 50% drop in block subsidy.", "word_count": 293, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "block-template", "term": "Block Template", "slug": "block-template", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/block-template/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A candidate block that miners hash. Contains selected transactions and metadata ready for mining.", "word_count": 205, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "block-template-construction", "term": "Block Template Construction", "slug": "block-template-construction", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/block-template-construction/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Assembling a candidate block - coinbase, selected transactions, and Merkle root - that miners then hash, typically via the getblocktemplate interface.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "block-time", "term": "Block Time", "slug": "block-time", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/block-time/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The average time between blocks, targeted at 10 minutes. Individual blocks vary randomly around this average.", "word_count": 187, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "block-withholding-attack", "term": "Block Withholding Attack", "slug": "block-withholding-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/block-withholding-attack/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A pool sabotage where a miner submits low-difficulty shares for payment but discards any full block it finds, starving the pool of rewards.", "word_count": 294, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "block-relay-only-connection", "term": "Block-Relay-Only Connection", "slug": "block-relay-only-connection", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/block-relay-only-connection/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "An outbound Bitcoin Core peer link that relays blocks but not transaction or address gossip, hiding the network graph from attackers.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "blockstream-jade", "term": "Blockstream Jade", "slug": "blockstream-jade", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/blockstream-jade/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Fully open-source Bitcoin hardware wallet by Blockstream that uses an optional blind-oracle model instead of a dedicated secure element.", "word_count": 223, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bloom-filter-bip37", "term": "Bloom Filter (BIP37)", "slug": "bloom-filter-bip37", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bloom-filter-bip37/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "An early SPV light-client filter that asks peers for only wallet-relevant transactions, but with documented privacy weaknesses.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nostr-blossom-media", "term": "Blossom (Media Storage)", "slug": "nostr-blossom-media", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nostr-blossom-media/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A protocol for storing media blobs on independent servers addressed by SHA-256 hash, decoupling file hosting from Nostr relays.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bls-signature", "term": "BLS Signature", "slug": "bls-signature", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bls-signature/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A pairing-based digital signature, named for Boneh-Lynn-Shacham, whose key feature is aggregating many signatures into one constant-size proof.", "word_count": 290, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bm1366", "term": "BM1366", "slug": "bm1366", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bm1366/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A Bitmain mining chip powering the Antminer S19 XP and Bitaxe Supra. Efficient at around 21.5 J/TH.", "word_count": 174, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "bm1368", "term": "BM1368", "slug": "bm1368", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bm1368/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A Bitmain chip used in Antminer S21 variants and the Bitaxe Gamma open-source miner.", "word_count": 146, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "bm1370", "term": "BM1370", "slug": "bm1370", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bm1370/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Bitmain's latest mining chip in the Antminer S21. Industry-leading efficiency at approximately 15 J/TH.", "word_count": 171, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "bolt-specification", "term": "BOLT Specification", "slug": "bolt-specification", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bolt-specification/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Basis of Lightning Technology: the open specifications that define the Lightning Network's wire protocol, transactions, routing, and invoices.", "word_count": 231, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bolt12-offers", "term": "BOLT12 (Offers)", "slug": "bolt12-offers", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bolt12-offers/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Lightning payment protocol introducing reusable, privacy-preserving \"offers\" that replace single-use BOLT11 invoices.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "brc-20", "term": "BRC-20", "slug": "brc-20", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/brc-20/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "An experimental fungible-token standard on Bitcoin that inscribes JSON token data onto satoshis via Ordinals.", "word_count": 234, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "break-even", "term": "Break-Even", "slug": "break-even", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/break-even/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The electricity rate where mining revenue equals power costs. Below this rate, mining is profitable.", "word_count": 193, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "break-even-electricity-price", "term": "Break-even Electricity Price", "slug": "break-even-electricity-price", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/break-even-electricity-price/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The highest power rate in $/kWh a miner can pay before energy costs exceed mining revenue, marking the profitability cutoff.", "word_count": 296, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "briar", "term": "Briar", "slug": "briar", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/briar/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Open-source, serverless messenger that syncs end-to-end encrypted messages peer-to-peer over Tor online and Bluetooth/Wi-Fi offline.", "word_count": 248, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bribery-attack", "term": "Bribery Attack", "slug": "bribery-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bribery-attack/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Paying miners out-of-band to temporarily rent enough hashrate to reorder, censor, or double-spend blocks, rather than owning the hardware outright.", "word_count": 283, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bricking", "term": "Bricking (ASIC Miner)", "slug": "bricking", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bricking/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "When an ASIC miner becomes unbootable after a bad flash or corrupted firmware, leaving it as useful as a brick until recovered.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "broadband-hamnet", "term": "Broadband-Hamnet (HSMM-Mesh)", "slug": "broadband-hamnet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/broadband-hamnet/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Amateur-radio mesh firmware that repurposes consumer WiFi routers into a self-configuring, internet-independent high-speed data network.", "word_count": 282, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "btcpay-server", "term": "BTCPay Server", "slug": "btcpay-server", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/btcpay-server/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A free, open-source, self-hosted Bitcoin payment processor with no fees or intermediaries, maintained by the BTCPay Server Foundation.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "btu-output", "term": "BTU Output", "slug": "btu-output", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/btu-output/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Heat output in BTU/hr, calculated as watts times 3.412. Helps compare miners to traditional heaters.", "word_count": 189, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "buck-converter", "term": "Buck Converter", "slug": "buck-converter", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/buck-converter/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A DC-DC step-down regulator on a hashboard that drops 12V to the sub-1.2V each voltage domain needs, handling 20A+ per domain.", "word_count": 239, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bull-market", "term": "Bull Market", "slug": "bull-market", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bull-market/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A sustained period of rising prices and broad optimism, often defined as a 20% or greater rise from recent lows.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bulletproof", "term": "Bulletproof", "slug": "bulletproof", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bulletproof/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A short zero-knowledge proof, notably for value ranges, that needs no trusted setup and shrinks logarithmically via an inner-product argument.", "word_count": 247, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "burn-in", "term": "Burn-In", "slug": "burn-in", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/burn-in/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Operating a chip at elevated voltage and temperature after fabrication to force early-life (infant-mortality) failures before shipping — accelerating parts through the left wall of the bathtub curve.", "word_count": 310, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "busbar", "term": "Busbar", "slug": "busbar", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/busbar/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A rigid metallic bar (usually copper) that distributes high current to many circuits inside switchgear, PDUs, and panelboards.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "busway", "term": "Busway (Busduct)", "slug": "busway", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/busway/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A prefabricated overhead distribution system of enclosed copper or aluminum busbars with tap-off points, used to feed racks of miners.", "word_count": 291, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "byte-pair-encoding", "term": "Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE)", "slug": "byte-pair-encoding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/byte-pair-encoding/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A subword tokenization algorithm that iteratively merges the most frequent adjacent symbol pairs in a corpus to build a fixed vocabulary.", "word_count": 288, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "byzantine-fault-tolerance", "term": "Byzantine Fault Tolerance", "slug": "byzantine-fault-tolerance", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/byzantine-fault-tolerance/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A system's ability to reach correct agreement even when some participants fail arbitrarily or act maliciously, sending conflicting information.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "canary-deployment", "term": "Canary Deployment", "slug": "canary-deployment", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/canary-deployment/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A progressive rollout that routes a small slice of live traffic to a new model version, expanding only if metrics stay healthy.", "word_count": 238, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cantillon-effect", "term": "Cantillon Effect", "slug": "cantillon-effect", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cantillon-effect/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The uneven distribution of newly created money: early recipients benefit before prices rise, late recipients pay more.", "word_count": 284, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "capacitor", "term": "Capacitor", "slug": "capacitor", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/capacitor/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A component that stores charge to smooth voltage and filter noise; failed caps are among the most common faults in mining power supplies.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "capacitor-plague", "term": "Capacitor Plague", "slug": "capacitor-plague", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/capacitor-plague/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Premature electrolytic-capacitor failure from a defective electrolyte; caps swell, vent, or leak as ESR rises and capacitance drops.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "capacity-factor", "term": "Capacity Factor", "slug": "capacity-factor", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/capacity-factor/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The ratio of a generator's actual output to its maximum possible output over time, expressed as a percentage.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "capacity-market", "term": "Capacity Market", "slug": "capacity-market", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/capacity-market/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A market that pays resources to be available to deliver power in future years, securing long-term grid reliability.", "word_count": 302, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "capital-controls", "term": "Capital Controls", "slug": "capital-controls", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/capital-controls/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Government measures that restrict the movement of money across a country's borders, such as limits, taxes, or bans on transfers.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "capital-gains-crypto", "term": "Capital Gains (Crypto, Canada)", "slug": "capital-gains-crypto", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/capital-gains-crypto/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Profit from disposing of crypto held as an investment; in Canada 50% of the gain is taxable under the current inclusion rate.", "word_count": 229, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cashu", "term": "Cashu", "slug": "cashu", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cashu/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An open Chaumian ecash protocol for Bitcoin where a single mint issues blind-signed tokens funded and redeemed over Lightning.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "catastrophic-forgetting", "term": "Catastrophic Forgetting", "slug": "catastrophic-forgetting", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/catastrophic-forgetting/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "When a neural network trained on a new task loses much of what it learned from previous tasks.", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cc0-public-domain-dedication", "term": "CC0 / Public Domain Dedication", "slug": "cc0-public-domain-dedication", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cc0-public-domain-dedication/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "A Creative Commons tool that waives all copyright in a work as far as legally possible, placing it effectively in the public domain worldwide.", "word_count": 247, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "censorship-resistance", "term": "Censorship Resistance", "slug": "censorship-resistance", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/censorship-resistance/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Bitcoin's property that no entity can block, reverse, or blacklist a valid transaction, regardless of who sent it or why.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cern-ohl", "term": "CERN-OHL (CERN Open Hardware Licence)", "slug": "cern-ohl", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cern-ohl/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "A family of licenses for open hardware designs, with permissive, weakly reciprocal, and strongly reciprocal variants (P, W, S).", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cfm-airflow", "term": "CFM (Airflow)", "slug": "cfm-airflow", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cfm-airflow/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Cubic feet per minute, the volume of air a fan or cooling system moves per minute, the basic measure of cooling airflow.", "word_count": 247, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "chain-analysis", "term": "Chain Analysis", "slug": "chain-analysis", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/chain-analysis/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The practice of clustering Bitcoin addresses and tracing fund flows on the public ledger to deanonymize users.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "chain-reorganization", "term": "Chain Reorganization (Reorg)", "slug": "chain-reorganization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/chain-reorganization/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "When a node abandons part of its current chain to adopt a competing branch with more accumulated proof of work, re-ordering recent blocks.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "chain-split", "term": "Chain Split", "slug": "chain-split", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/chain-split/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "When nodes disagree on rules and the blockchain diverges into two persistent histories, each followed by a different set of participants.", "word_count": 280, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "chain-of-thought-decoding", "term": "Chain-of-Thought Decoding", "slug": "chain-of-thought-decoding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/chain-of-thought-decoding/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Eliciting step-by-step reasoning from an LLM by exploring alternative first tokens during decoding, without any reasoning prompt.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "chain-of-thought-prompting", "term": "Chain-of-Thought Prompting", "slug": "chain-of-thought-prompting", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/chain-of-thought-prompting/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A prompting technique that elicits intermediate reasoning steps before an answer, improving accuracy on multi-step problems.", "word_count": 281, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "change-address", "term": "Change Address", "slug": "change-address", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/change-address/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The new address a wallet sends leftover funds to when a UTXO exceeds the payment amount; mis-identifying it leaks privacy.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "change-output", "term": "Change Output", "slug": "change-output", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/change-output/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The leftover amount a wallet returns to itself when a UTXO exceeds the payment, a prime target for chain-analysis heuristics.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "meshtastic-channel", "term": "Channel (Meshtastic)", "slug": "meshtastic-channel", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/meshtastic-channel/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Named, PSK-encrypted logical group in Meshtastic; one Primary plus up to 7 Secondary channels share a radio but isolate who can read each message.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "channel-capacity", "term": "Channel Capacity", "slug": "channel-capacity", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/channel-capacity/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The total Bitcoin locked in a Lightning channel, split between outbound (sendable) and inbound (receivable) capacity that together equal the whole.", "word_count": 222, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "channel-factory", "term": "Channel Factory", "slug": "channel-factory", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/channel-factory/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A multi-party construction where several users share one on-chain multisig UTXO to open and rebalance many Lightning channels off-chain.", "word_count": 279, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "chat-template", "term": "Chat Template", "slug": "chat-template", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/chat-template/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A formatting rule that converts a list of role-tagged messages into the exact token sequence a chat model was trained to expect.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "chatbot-arena-elo-rating", "term": "Chatbot Arena (Elo Rating)", "slug": "chatbot-arena-elo-rating", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/chatbot-arena-elo-rating/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A crowdsourced platform that ranks language models by human pairwise votes converted into Elo-style ratings.", "word_count": 297, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "chaumian-mint-ecash", "term": "Chaumian Mint (ecash)", "slug": "chaumian-mint-ecash", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/chaumian-mint-ecash/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A mint that issues blind-signed bearer ecash tokens backed by Bitcoin, unable to link who deposited funds to who later spends them.", "word_count": 290, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "child-pays-for-parent-cpfp", "term": "Child-Pays-For-Parent (CPFP)", "slug": "child-pays-for-parent-cpfp", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/child-pays-for-parent-cpfp/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A fee-bumping technique where a high-fee child transaction spends an unconfirmed low-fee parent, incentivizing miners to confirm both together.", "word_count": 252, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "chinchilla-optimal", "term": "Chinchilla-Optimal Training", "slug": "chinchilla-optimal", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/chinchilla-optimal/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The compute-optimal recipe from DeepMind's 2022 study: scale training data in step with parameters, roughly 20 tokens per parameter.", "word_count": 299, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "chip-binning", "term": "Chip Binning", "slug": "chip-binning", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/chip-binning/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Sorting manufactured ASIC chips into performance grades by speed, voltage, and leakage, since no two dies come off the wafer identical.", "word_count": 294, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "chip-domain-bypass", "term": "Chip Domain Bypass", "slug": "chip-domain-bypass", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/chip-domain-bypass/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A salvage technique that jumpers a dead voltage domain so the rest of a hashboard's chip string keeps hashing at reduced output.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "chip-package", "term": "Chip Package", "slug": "chip-package", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/chip-package/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The protective enclosure around a bare semiconductor die that provides its electrical connections, mechanical protection, and a heat path. BGA is the common package for mining ASICs.", "word_count": 240, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "chip-select", "term": "Chip Select", "slug": "chip-select", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/chip-select/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A dedicated control line that activates one chip on a shared bus so a controller can address several peripherals without their signals colliding.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "chiplet", "term": "Chiplet", "slug": "chiplet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/chiplet/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A small functional die designed to be co-packaged with other dies, splitting a large chip into modular blocks built on optimal process nodes.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "chunked-prefill", "term": "Chunked Prefill", "slug": "chunked-prefill", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/chunked-prefill/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An LLM serving technique that splits a long prompt's prefill into chunks and batches them with ongoing decode steps to even out GPU work.", "word_count": 311, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "chunking", "term": "Chunking", "slug": "chunking", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/chunking/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Splitting documents into smaller passages before embedding them, so a retrieval system can return precise, relevant context.", "word_count": 244, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "circuit-breaker", "term": "Circuit Breaker", "slug": "circuit-breaker", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/circuit-breaker/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "An automatic switch that interrupts a circuit on overcurrent or fault, protecting wiring and equipment and allowing safe reset after the fault clears.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cjdns", "term": "cjdns", "slug": "cjdns", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cjdns/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An encrypted IPv6 mesh that allocates addresses from public keys and routes via a distributed hash table for near-zero-config networking.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "class-50-cca-computer-hardware", "term": "Class 50 CCA (Computer Hardware)", "slug": "class-50-cca-computer-hardware", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/class-50-cca-computer-hardware/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The CRA capital cost allowance class for computer hardware, including mining rigs, depreciated at 55% declining balance.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "client-side-validation", "term": "Client-Side Validation", "slug": "client-side-validation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/client-side-validation/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A scaling paradigm where contract state lives off-chain and only commitments are anchored to Bitcoin, validated by the parties.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "clip-contrastive-language-image-pretraining", "term": "CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training)", "slug": "clip-contrastive-language-image-pretraining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/clip-contrastive-language-image-pretraining/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An OpenAI model that learns a shared embedding space for images and text, enabling zero-shot classification and image-text matching.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "clock-domain-crossing", "term": "Clock Domain Crossing (CDC)", "slug": "clock-domain-crossing", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/clock-domain-crossing/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Passing a signal between two parts of a chip clocked by unrelated clocks; done wrong it causes metastability and data corruption.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "clock-gating", "term": "Clock Gating", "slug": "clock-gating", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/clock-gating/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Switching off the clock to idle logic blocks so they stop toggling, cutting the dynamic power a mining ASIC wastes when not computing.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "clock-tree", "term": "Clock Tree", "slug": "clock-tree", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/clock-tree/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The buffered distribution network that delivers a synchronized clock edge to every flip-flop across a mining ASIC with minimal skew.", "word_count": 247, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cloud-act", "term": "CLOUD Act", "slug": "cloud-act", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cloud-act/", "category": "", "definition": "CLOUD Act (18 U.S.C. § 2713): US law enabling courts to compel US-based providers to produce data stored abroad. A critical data sovereignty consideration.", "word_count": 297, "last_modified": "2026-06-15" }, { "id": "cloud-mining", "term": "Cloud Mining", "slug": "cloud-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cloud-mining/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Renting remote mining capacity through a contract instead of owning hardware, so output and risk depend entirely on the provider's terms.", "word_count": 318, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cluster-mempool", "term": "Cluster Mempool", "slug": "cluster-mempool", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cluster-mempool/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Bitcoin Core redesign that groups connected unconfirmed transactions into bounded, fee-sorted clusters so block building and RBF decisions become exact and fast.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "code-review-culture", "term": "Code Review Culture (Bitcoin Core)", "slug": "code-review-culture", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/code-review-culture/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin Core's review-first norms where in-depth peer review is the scarce resource and ACK/NACK feedback gates every merge.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "coin-control", "term": "Coin Control", "slug": "coin-control", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/coin-control/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A wallet feature that lets you manually choose which UTXOs to spend, overriding automatic selection to protect privacy and manage fees.", "word_count": 262, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "coin-days-destroyed", "term": "Coin Days Destroyed", "slug": "coin-days-destroyed", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/coin-days-destroyed/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "CDD weights each spent coin by how long it sat dormant, surfacing movement by older, larger holdings on-chain.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "coinbase-commitment", "term": "Coinbase Commitment", "slug": "coinbase-commitment", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/coinbase-commitment/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The general technique of embedding protocol data in a block's coinbase transaction so it inherits proof-of-work security via a soft fork.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "coinbase-maturity", "term": "Coinbase Maturity", "slug": "coinbase-maturity", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/coinbase-maturity/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The consensus rule requiring newly mined block rewards to wait 100 confirmations before the coinbase output can be spent.", "word_count": 240, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "coinbase-transaction", "term": "Coinbase Transaction", "slug": "coinbase-transaction", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/coinbase-transaction/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The special first transaction in each block that creates new Bitcoin and pays the miner.", "word_count": 212, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "coinjoin", "term": "CoinJoin", "slug": "coinjoin", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/coinjoin/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A collaborative Bitcoin transaction where many users pool inputs and equal-value outputs so observers cannot map senders to receivers.", "word_count": 284, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "coinjoin-coordinator", "term": "CoinJoin Coordinator", "slug": "coinjoin-coordinator", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/coinjoin-coordinator/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The untrusted party that batches participants' inputs and outputs into one CoinJoin transaction but never custodies funds.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "coinstats-index", "term": "Coinstats Index", "slug": "coinstats-index", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/coinstats-index/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "An optional Bitcoin Core index that lets a node report UTXO-set statistics like total supply at any height without a full scan.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "coinswap", "term": "CoinSwap", "slug": "coinswap", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/coinswap/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A non-custodial protocol where two parties swap equal-value coins via hash-time-locked contracts, breaking the on-chain transaction graph.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cold-boot-attack", "term": "Cold Boot Attack", "slug": "cold-boot-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cold-boot-attack/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An attack that recovers encryption keys from RAM after power-off by exploiting data remanence, often by chilling the memory to slow data decay.", "word_count": 293, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cold-joint", "term": "Cold Joint", "slug": "cold-joint", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cold-joint/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A weak, unreliable solder connection formed when the joint never reached full reflow temperature, leaving a dull, grainy bond.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cold-plate", "term": "Cold Plate", "slug": "cold-plate", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cold-plate/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A metal block with internal liquid channels that mounts directly on ASIC chips, carrying heat away in coolant instead of through a fan-cooled heatsink.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cold-storage", "term": "Cold Storage", "slug": "cold-storage", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cold-storage/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Keeping Bitcoin private keys on a device that has never been online, so keys are generated and used entirely offline, safe from remote attacks.", "word_count": 242, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "coldcard", "term": "Coldcard", "slug": "coldcard", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/coldcard/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Bitcoin-only signing device by Coinkite running MIT-licensed open-source firmware, with dual secure elements and air-gapped microSD/QR signing.", "word_count": 241, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "colocation-mining", "term": "Colocation (Mining)", "slug": "colocation-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/colocation-mining/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A service where you ship your own ASICs to a third-party Hashcenter that supplies power, cooling, network, and security for a fee.", "word_count": 295, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "combined-cycle", "term": "Combined Cycle", "slug": "combined-cycle", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/combined-cycle/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A power configuration that pairs a gas turbine with a steam turbine driven by recovered exhaust heat, reaching ~55-61% electrical efficiency.", "word_count": 302, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "combined-cycle-gas-turbine-ccgt", "term": "Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT)", "slug": "combined-cycle-gas-turbine-ccgt", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/combined-cycle-gas-turbine-ccgt/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A power plant pairing a gas turbine with a steam turbine driven by its exhaust heat, reaching ~60% efficiency for behind-the-meter mining.", "word_count": 288, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "combined-heat-and-power-chp", "term": "Combined Heat and Power (CHP)", "slug": "combined-heat-and-power-chp", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/combined-heat-and-power-chp/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Cogeneration that captures the waste heat from electricity production for useful heating, pushing total fuel efficiency toward 80% or higher.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "commitment-scheme", "term": "Commitment Scheme", "slug": "commitment-scheme", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/commitment-scheme/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A cryptographic primitive that locks in a value now and reveals it later, enforcing both hiding and binding guarantees.", "word_count": 286, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "common-input-ownership-heuristic", "term": "Common-Input-Ownership Heuristic", "slug": "common-input-ownership-heuristic", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/common-input-ownership-heuristic/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The chain-analysis assumption that all inputs to a Bitcoin transaction belong to one owner, used to cluster addresses.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "compact-block", "term": "Compact Block", "slug": "compact-block", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/compact-block/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A BIP152 block-relay format that sends short transaction IDs instead of full transactions, cutting block propagation bandwidth by up to 98%.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "compact-block-filters-bip158", "term": "Compact Block Filters (BIP157/158)", "slug": "compact-block-filters-bip158", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/compact-block-filters-bip158/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Per-block probabilistic filters that let light wallets privately determine which blocks are relevant without revealing their addresses to peers.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "compact-block-relay-bip152", "term": "Compact Block Relay (BIP152)", "slug": "compact-block-relay-bip152", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/compact-block-relay-bip152/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Bitcoin P2P optimization that propagates new blocks as short transaction IDs, since peers usually already hold most of the transactions.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "compact-blocks", "term": "Compact Blocks (BIP-152)", "slug": "compact-blocks", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/compact-blocks/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A BIP-152 relay method that sends blocks as short transaction IDs instead of full data, cutting propagation bandwidth by ~98%.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "compartmentalization", "term": "Compartmentalization", "slug": "compartmentalization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/compartmentalization/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Separating sensitive information and activities into isolated cells so a breach of one cell cannot expose the others.", "word_count": 307, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "compute-sovereignty", "term": "Compute Sovereignty", "slug": "compute-sovereignty", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/compute-sovereignty/", "category": "", "definition": "Compute sovereignty means owning the hardware that runs your workloads — no cloud kill switch, no vendor lock-in, no third party between you and your CPU.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-15" }, { "id": "compute-bound-vs-memory-bound", "term": "Compute-Bound vs Memory-Bound", "slug": "compute-bound-vs-memory-bound", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/compute-bound-vs-memory-bound/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Whether a workload's speed is limited by the chip's arithmetic units (compute-bound) or by memory bandwidth (memory-bound).", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "confidential-assets", "term": "Confidential Assets", "slug": "confidential-assets", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/confidential-assets/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Liquid extension to Confidential Transactions that hides not just amounts but which asset type is being transferred.", "word_count": 243, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "config-backup", "term": "Config Backup (Miner Settings)", "slug": "config-backup", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/config-backup/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Saving an ASIC miner's pool, network, and tuning settings so they can be restored after a reset, reflash, or failure.", "word_count": 228, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "confirmation", "term": "Confirmation", "slug": "confirmation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/confirmation/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A block mined on top of a transaction; each one deepens it in the chain and makes reversal exponentially harder.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "confirmation-time", "term": "Confirmation Time", "slug": "confirmation-time", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/confirmation-time/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The elapsed time before a broadcast Bitcoin transaction is mined into a block, gated by fee rate, mempool congestion, and block timing.", "word_count": 217, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "confirmations", "term": "Confirmations", "slug": "confirmations", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/confirmations/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The number of blocks mined after a transaction, indicating how secure and irreversible it is.", "word_count": 175, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "confirmations-depth", "term": "Confirmations Depth", "slug": "confirmations-depth", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/confirmations-depth/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The number of blocks mined on top of the block containing a transaction; greater depth means exponentially stronger irreversibility.", "word_count": 235, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "conformal-coating", "term": "Conformal Coating", "slug": "conformal-coating", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/conformal-coating/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A thin protective film over an assembled PCB guarding against moisture, dust, and corrosion; must be removed to rework.", "word_count": 279, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "congestion-control-tree", "term": "Congestion Control Tree", "slug": "congestion-control-tree", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/congestion-control-tree/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A proposed CTV pattern that commits many payouts to a tree of follow-up transactions, letting recipients confirm later at their own fee rate.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "constitutional-ai", "term": "Constitutional AI", "slug": "constitutional-ai", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/constitutional-ai/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An alignment method that uses a written set of principles and model self-critique to train safer behavior with minimal human harm labels.", "word_count": 291, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "constrained-decoding", "term": "Constrained Decoding", "slug": "constrained-decoding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/constrained-decoding/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Forcing a language model's output to follow a fixed format such as JSON or a grammar by masking out tokens that would break the structure at each step.", "word_count": 303, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "contactor", "term": "Contactor", "slug": "contactor", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/contactor/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A heavy-duty electrically operated switch built to make and break high-current loads like motors and miner banks under control of a low-power coil.", "word_count": 280, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "context-compression", "term": "Context Compression", "slug": "context-compression", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/context-compression/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Encoding a long context into a small set of dense memory slots or soft tokens the model can read in place of the full text.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "context-window", "term": "Context Window", "slug": "context-window", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/context-window/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The maximum number of tokens an LLM can process at once — its working memory, shared between the input prompt and the generated output.", "word_count": 240, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "continuity-test", "term": "Continuity Test", "slug": "continuity-test", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/continuity-test/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A multimeter check that confirms whether two points are electrically connected, used to find opens, shorts, and broken traces.", "word_count": 262, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "continuous-batching", "term": "Continuous Batching", "slug": "continuous-batching", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/continuous-batching/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An LLM serving technique that admits and retires requests at each generation step, keeping the GPU busy and sharply raising inference throughput.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "contract-execution-transaction-cet", "term": "Contract Execution Transaction (CET)", "slug": "contract-execution-transaction-cet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/contract-execution-transaction-cet/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A pre-signed Bitcoin transaction in a Discreet Log Contract that pays out one specific outcome, unlocked by an oracle's attestation.", "word_count": 293, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "contrastive-learning", "term": "Contrastive Learning", "slug": "contrastive-learning", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/contrastive-learning/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A representation-learning method that pulls similar (positive) pairs together in vector space while pushing dissimilar (negative) pairs apart.", "word_count": 236, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "control-block-taproot", "term": "Control Block (Taproot)", "slug": "control-block-taproot", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/control-block-taproot/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The Taproot witness element that proves a revealed script belongs to the committed script tree, holding the internal key and Merkle path.", "word_count": 220, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "control-board", "term": "Control Board", "slug": "control-board", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/control-board/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The management board in an ASIC miner that runs firmware, coordinates hashboards, and connects to the network.", "word_count": 731, "last_modified": "2026-06-04" }, { "id": "controlled-impedance", "term": "Controlled Impedance", "slug": "controlled-impedance", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/controlled-impedance/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A PCB trace built so its characteristic impedance holds a target value, typically 50 ohms, to preserve high-speed signal integrity.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "controlnet", "term": "ControlNet", "slug": "controlnet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/controlnet/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A neural add-on that gives text-to-image diffusion models spatial control using inputs like edges, depth maps, or pose skeletons.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "convolutional-neural-network-cnn", "term": "Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)", "slug": "convolutional-neural-network-cnn", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/convolutional-neural-network-cnn/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A neural network that uses sliding convolutional filters to extract spatial features, foundational to computer vision tasks like image classification.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "coolant-distribution-unit", "term": "Coolant Distribution Unit (CDU)", "slug": "coolant-distribution-unit", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/coolant-distribution-unit/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The central pump-and-heat-exchanger unit that circulates and controls coolant flow, temperature, and pressure in a liquid cooling loop.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "coolant-distribution-unit-cdu", "term": "Coolant Distribution Unit (CDU)", "slug": "coolant-distribution-unit-cdu", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/coolant-distribution-unit-cdu/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A pump-and-heat-exchanger unit that isolates a clean secondary coolant loop serving the hardware from the facility's primary water loop.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cooling-tower", "term": "Cooling Tower", "slug": "cooling-tower", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cooling-tower/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A heat-rejection device that sheds waste heat to the atmosphere, usually by evaporating a portion of the circulating water.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "copper-pour", "term": "Copper Pour", "slug": "copper-pour", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/copper-pour/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A large filled copper area on a PCB layer (often ground or power) that lowers impedance, carries current, and spreads heat.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "copper-weight", "term": "Copper Weight", "slug": "copper-weight", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/copper-weight/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "The thickness of a PCB's copper layers, expressed in ounces per square foot; 1 oz is about 1.4 mils (35 microns) thick.", "word_count": 262, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "copyleft", "term": "Copyleft", "slug": "copyleft", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/copyleft/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "A licensing method that uses copyright to require modified and redistributed versions of a work to remain free under the same terms.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "core-lightning-cln", "term": "Core Lightning (CLN)", "slug": "core-lightning-cln", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/core-lightning-cln/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A lightweight, spec-compliant Lightning node implementation in C by Blockstream, built around an extensible plugin architecture.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cosine-similarity", "term": "Cosine Similarity", "slug": "cosine-similarity", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cosine-similarity/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A similarity measure that scores two vectors by the cosine of the angle between them, ranging from -1 to 1; the workhorse of semantic search.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "counterparty-risk", "term": "Counterparty Risk", "slug": "counterparty-risk", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/counterparty-risk/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The risk that the other party to an obligation fails to perform; Bitcoin held in self-custody is one of the few assets that carries none.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "covenant", "term": "Covenant", "slug": "covenant", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/covenant/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A spending restriction on a Bitcoin UTXO that constrains not just who can spend it, but how and where the coins may move next.", "word_count": 281, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bitcoin-covenant", "term": "Covenant (Bitcoin)", "slug": "bitcoin-covenant", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bitcoin-covenant/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A proposed spending condition that restricts where or how coins from a UTXO can be sent in future transactions, not just who can sign.", "word_count": 304, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cover-traffic", "term": "Cover Traffic", "slug": "cover-traffic", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cover-traffic/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Dummy messages that pad real traffic so observers cannot tell when a user is actually communicating or to whom.", "word_count": 299, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cra-crypto-guidance", "term": "CRA Crypto Guidance", "slug": "cra-crypto-guidance", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cra-crypto-guidance/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The Canada Revenue Agency's official position on how cryptocurrency, including mining rewards, is taxed and must be reported.", "word_count": 245, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "creep-corrosion", "term": "Creep Corrosion", "slug": "creep-corrosion", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/creep-corrosion/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Migration of copper or silver sulfide corrosion product across a board surface in sulfur-rich, humid air, bridging conductors.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "crest-factor", "term": "Crest Factor", "slug": "crest-factor", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/crest-factor/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "The ratio of a waveform's peak value to its RMS value; 1.414 for a pure sine, higher for the pulsed current of switch-mode supplies.", "word_count": 226, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "crewai", "term": "CrewAI", "slug": "crewai", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/crewai/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An open-source Python framework for orchestrating role-playing autonomous AI agents that collaborate in teams (crews) to complete tasks.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cross-attention-fusion", "term": "Cross-Attention Fusion", "slug": "cross-attention-fusion", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cross-attention-fusion/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A multimodal fusion strategy that injects visual features into a language model through dedicated cross-attention layers instead of concatenating tokens.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cross-input-signature-aggregation", "term": "Cross-Input Signature Aggregation (CISA)", "slug": "cross-input-signature-aggregation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cross-input-signature-aggregation/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A proposed Bitcoin upgrade that combines the Schnorr signatures from a transaction's many inputs into one, shrinking transaction size and saving block space.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "crypto-anarchy", "term": "Crypto-Anarchy", "slug": "crypto-anarchy", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/crypto-anarchy/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Timothy May's vision of cryptography enabling anonymous, voluntary interaction beyond the reach of state coercion and surveillance.", "word_count": 286, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cryptographic-accumulator", "term": "Cryptographic Accumulator", "slug": "cryptographic-accumulator", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cryptographic-accumulator/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A primitive that compresses a large set into a tiny digest while still allowing short proofs that an element is (or is not) a member.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "crystal-oscillator", "term": "Crystal Oscillator", "slug": "crystal-oscillator", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/crystal-oscillator/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A quartz-based timing reference that generates the clock for an ASIC's control board; a dead crystal means the controller never boots.", "word_count": 279, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "cuda", "term": "CUDA", "slug": "cuda", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cuda/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "NVIDIA's parallel computing platform and API that lets developers run general-purpose code on GPUs, the backbone of most AI tooling.", "word_count": 230, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "currency-debasement", "term": "Currency Debasement", "slug": "currency-debasement", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/currency-debasement/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Reducing a currency's real value, historically by cutting metal content in coins and today by expanding the money supply faster than output.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "curriculum-learning", "term": "Curriculum Learning", "slug": "curriculum-learning", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/curriculum-learning/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A training strategy that presents examples in a meaningful order — easy to hard — to help a model learn faster and reach better final performance.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "curtailable-load", "term": "Curtailable Load", "slug": "curtailable-load", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/curtailable-load/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "An electrical load that can be quickly reduced or shut off on request, letting Bitcoin miners support grid stability for payment.", "word_count": 279, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "curtailment", "term": "Curtailment", "slug": "curtailment", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/curtailment/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Curtailment is deliberately reducing power output or consumption; flexible miners curtail during grid stress and can monetize the otherwise-wasted energy.", "word_count": 238, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "custom-firmware", "term": "Custom Firmware", "slug": "custom-firmware", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/custom-firmware/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Third-party firmware replacing stock software for better efficiency, autotuning, and monitoring features.", "word_count": 215, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "cypherpunk", "term": "Cypherpunk", "slug": "cypherpunk", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/cypherpunk/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A privacy activist who writes cryptographic code to defend individual freedom, the intellectual movement that produced Bitcoin's building blocks.", "word_count": 314, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dandelion-bip156-tx-privacy", "term": "Dandelion (BIP156)", "slug": "dandelion-bip156-tx-privacy", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dandelion-bip156-tx-privacy/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A proposed transaction-relay routing scheme that delays gossip broadcast to obscure which node originated a Bitcoin transaction.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "data-augmentation", "term": "Data Augmentation", "slug": "data-augmentation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/data-augmentation/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Expanding a training set by generating modified copies of existing data — rotations, paraphrases, noise — to improve generalization and fight overfitting.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "data-broker", "term": "Data Broker", "slug": "data-broker", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/data-broker/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A company that collects, aggregates, and sells personal data on individuals, usually without their direct knowledge or meaningful consent.", "word_count": 304, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "data-lake", "term": "Data Lake", "slug": "data-lake", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/data-lake/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A scalable repository that stores vast amounts of raw structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data in its native format until needed.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "data-localization", "term": "Data Localization", "slug": "data-localization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/data-localization/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A legal requirement that data be stored, and sometimes processed, within a specific country's borders — distinct from data residency.", "word_count": 332, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "data-parallelism", "term": "Data Parallelism", "slug": "data-parallelism", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/data-parallelism/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Distributed training strategy that replicates the full model on each device and splits the training batch across them, syncing gradients each step.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "data-pipeline-etl", "term": "Data Pipeline / ETL", "slug": "data-pipeline-etl", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/data-pipeline-etl/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An automated workflow that extracts data from sources, transforms it into a usable form, and loads it into storage for analysis or training.", "word_count": 283, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "data-poisoning", "term": "Data Poisoning", "slug": "data-poisoning", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/data-poisoning/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An attack in which an adversary controls part of a model's training data to degrade it or plant a hidden backdoor.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "data-residency", "term": "Data Residency", "slug": "data-residency", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/data-residency/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The physical/geographic location where data is stored and processed. Related to but distinct from data sovereignty, which is about which laws can compel access.", "word_count": 306, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "data-sovereignty", "term": "Data Sovereignty", "slug": "data-sovereignty", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/data-sovereignty/", "category": "", "definition": "Data sovereignty is the principle that data is subject to laws of the jurisdiction where it is stored, and the right to choose which jurisdiction that is.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-15" }, { "id": "nostr-data-vending-machine", "term": "Data Vending Machine (DVM)", "slug": "nostr-data-vending-machine", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nostr-data-vending-machine/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A Nostr marketplace (NIP-90) where users post computation job requests and providers compete to deliver results, often paid over Lightning.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "datum", "term": "DATUM", "slug": "datum", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/datum/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "Decentralized Alternative Templates for Universal Mining — OCEAN's protocol letting individual miners build their own block templates while sharing pooled payouts.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dbcache", "term": "dbcache", "slug": "dbcache", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dbcache/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The Bitcoin Core setting that sizes the in-memory UTXO write buffer; a larger value greatly speeds initial block download.", "word_count": 229, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dbm", "term": "dBm", "slug": "dbm", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dbm/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Decibel-milliwatts: a logarithmic unit of absolute RF power referenced to 1 mW, where 0 dBm equals 1 mW.", "word_count": 221, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dead-mans-switch", "term": "Dead Man’s Switch", "slug": "dead-mans-switch", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dead-mans-switch/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An automated mechanism that triggers a chosen action, such as releasing key access, if you fail to check in within a set period.", "word_count": 281, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "debasement", "term": "Debasement", "slug": "debasement", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/debasement/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Reducing the intrinsic value of currency, historically by lowering coin metal content, to expand supply while keeping the same face value.", "word_count": 248, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "debian", "term": "Debian", "slug": "debian", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/debian/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Community-run, fully free Linux distribution governed by a social contract; the upstream base for Tails, Whonix, Kali, Ubuntu, and many sovereignty tools.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "decentralized-computing", "term": "Decentralized Computing", "slug": "decentralized-computing", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/decentralized-computing/", "category": "", "definition": "Decentralized computing spreads workloads across independently owned nodes, with no single party able to control, censor, or shut down the compute layer.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-15" }, { "id": "decentralized-identifier-did", "term": "Decentralized Identifier (DID)", "slug": "decentralized-identifier-did", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/decentralized-identifier-did/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A globally unique identifier you create and control yourself, with no registry, identity provider, or certificate authority required.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "decode-phase", "term": "Decode Phase", "slug": "decode-phase", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/decode-phase/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The second stage of LLM inference that generates output tokens one at a time, each step reusing the KV cache until an end token is emitted.", "word_count": 281, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "decoding-strategy", "term": "Decoding Strategy", "slug": "decoding-strategy", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/decoding-strategy/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The algorithm that turns a model's per-step probability distribution into actual output tokens, balancing quality, diversity, and speed.", "word_count": 300, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "deep-packet-inspection", "term": "Deep Packet Inspection (DPI)", "slug": "deep-packet-inspection", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/deep-packet-inspection/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Network inspection that examines packet payloads, not just headers, to classify protocols and can be used to detect and block traffic.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "deepfake", "term": "Deepfake", "slug": "deepfake", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/deepfake/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Synthetic media — video, audio, or images — generated by AI to convincingly depict a real person saying or doing something they did not.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "defect-density", "term": "Defect Density", "slug": "defect-density", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/defect-density/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The average number of yield-killing defects per unit wafer area (D0, in defects/cm²) — the single number that drives how many chips survive.", "word_count": 284, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "defense-in-depth", "term": "Defense in Depth", "slug": "defense-in-depth", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/defense-in-depth/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A layered security strategy where multiple independent controls back each other up, so no single failure exposes the protected asset.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "deflation", "term": "Deflation", "slug": "deflation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/deflation/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A sustained fall in the general price level, increasing the purchasing power of money so the same amount buys more goods over time.", "word_count": 281, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "delta-t", "term": "Delta-T (Thermal)", "slug": "delta-t", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/delta-t/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The temperature difference between two points in a cooling path, such as a hashboard's inlet and outlet air, used to gauge how much heat is being carried away.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "demand-charge", "term": "Demand Charge", "slug": "demand-charge", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/demand-charge/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A utility fee based on your highest power draw (kW) in a billing period, separate from total energy used (kWh).", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "demand-response", "term": "Demand Response", "slug": "demand-response", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/demand-response/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Demand response is paying or signaling large power users to cut consumption during grid stress — a role flexible Bitcoin miners are uniquely suited to fill.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "dendrite-growth", "term": "Dendrite Growth", "slug": "dendrite-growth", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dendrite-growth/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Tree-like metal deposits that bridge conductors via electrochemical migration when moisture, ionic contamination, and bias combine.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "deniable-authentication", "term": "Deniable Authentication", "slug": "deniable-authentication", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/deniable-authentication/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Authentication that convinces the recipient of a message's author while leaving no proof a third party could use against them.", "word_count": 292, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dennard-scaling", "term": "Dennard Scaling", "slug": "dennard-scaling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dennard-scaling/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The 1974 rule that as transistors shrink, their power density stays constant; it broke down around 2005-2006.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dense-vs-sparse-retrieval", "term": "Dense vs Sparse Retrieval", "slug": "dense-vs-sparse-retrieval", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dense-vs-sparse-retrieval/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Two retrieval paradigms: dense uses low-dimensional semantic embeddings; sparse uses high-dimensional term-weight vectors like BM25 or SPLADE.", "word_count": 320, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "descriptor-wallet", "term": "Descriptor Wallet", "slug": "descriptor-wallet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/descriptor-wallet/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A wallet defined by output descriptors (BIP380) that encode script type, keys, and derivation path, so backups restore the exact right addresses.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "desoldering-braid", "term": "Desoldering Braid", "slug": "desoldering-braid", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/desoldering-braid/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Flux-coated fine copper braid that draws molten solder off a joint by capillary action, used to clean pads during rework.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "deterministic-nonce-rfc6979", "term": "Deterministic Nonce (RFC 6979)", "slug": "deterministic-nonce-rfc6979", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/deterministic-nonce-rfc6979/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A method that derives an ECDSA signature's secret nonce from the key and message instead of randomness, preventing catastrophic nonce-reuse key leaks.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "diagnostic", "term": "Diagnostic", "slug": "diagnostic", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/diagnostic/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Identifying faults in mining hardware using test equipment and systematic testing before repair.", "word_count": 209, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "did-document", "term": "DID Document", "slug": "did-document", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/did-document/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The JSON data structure a DID resolves to, listing the verification methods and service endpoints that prove control of the identifier.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "did-method", "term": "DID Method", "slug": "did-method", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/did-method/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A scheme defining how a specific type of decentralized identifier is created, resolved, updated, and deactivated on a given system.", "word_count": 290, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "did-web", "term": "did:web", "slug": "did-web", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/did-web/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A DID method that anchors a decentralized identifier to an HTTPS domain by serving a did.json document from a well-known URL.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dielectric-coolant-types", "term": "Dielectric Coolant Types", "slug": "dielectric-coolant-types", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dielectric-coolant-types/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The chemistry families of non-conductive immersion fluids: mineral oils, synthetic hydrocarbons, esters, and engineered fluorocarbons, each with distinct trade-offs.", "word_count": 299, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dielectric-fluid", "term": "Dielectric Fluid", "slug": "dielectric-fluid", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dielectric-fluid/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A non-electrically-conductive coolant that hardware can be fully submerged in, used in immersion and two-phase cooling.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "differential-pair", "term": "Differential Pair", "slug": "differential-pair", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/differential-pair/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Two coupled PCB traces carrying equal, opposite signals so a receiver reads the difference, rejecting common-mode noise on high-speed links.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "difficulty", "term": "Difficulty", "slug": "difficulty", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/difficulty/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "A value that controls how hard it is to mine a Bitcoin block, adjusted every two weeks to maintain 10-minute block times.", "word_count": 206, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "difficulty-adjustment", "term": "Difficulty Adjustment", "slug": "difficulty-adjustment", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/difficulty-adjustment/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The automatic recalculation of mining difficulty every 2,016 blocks to maintain 10-minute block times.", "word_count": 784, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "difficulty-manipulation", "term": "Difficulty Manipulation", "slug": "difficulty-manipulation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/difficulty-manipulation/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Gaming Bitcoin's difficulty adjustment by forging block timestamps to lower the target, enabling abnormally fast block production.", "word_count": 293, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "difficulty-ribbon", "term": "Difficulty Ribbon", "slug": "difficulty-ribbon", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/difficulty-ribbon/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "An indicator using stacked moving averages of mining difficulty to show when inefficient miners are leaving the network.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "diffusion-model", "term": "Diffusion Model", "slug": "diffusion-model", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/diffusion-model/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A generative model that creates images by learning to reverse a step-by-step noising process, denoising random noise into a coherent result.", "word_count": 298, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "digital-sovereignty", "term": "Digital Sovereignty", "slug": "digital-sovereignty", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/digital-sovereignty/", "category": "", "definition": "Digital sovereignty is the ability to control your own digital infrastructure, data, identity, and communications without dependence on any single third party.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-15" }, { "id": "diode", "term": "Diode", "slug": "diode", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/diode/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A semiconductor that conducts current in one direction only; used for rectification, protection, and steering in miner power circuits.", "word_count": 282, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dipole-antenna", "term": "Dipole Antenna", "slug": "dipole-antenna", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dipole-antenna/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A basic two-element antenna, typically a half-wavelength conductor, with an omnidirectional doughnut radiation pattern.", "word_count": 252, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "direct-preference-optimization", "term": "Direct Preference Optimization (DPO)", "slug": "direct-preference-optimization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/direct-preference-optimization/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An alignment method that fine-tunes a language model directly on human preference pairs, skipping the separate reward model used in classic RLHF.", "word_count": 290, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "discrete-logarithm-problem", "term": "Discrete Logarithm Problem", "slug": "discrete-logarithm-problem", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/discrete-logarithm-problem/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The believed-infeasible task of recovering the secret scalar k from a public point kG — the hard problem that keeps Bitcoin private keys safe.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "distributed-compute", "term": "Distributed Compute", "slug": "distributed-compute", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/distributed-compute/", "category": "", "definition": "Distributed compute splits tasks across multiple machines or nodes, scaling beyond any single device and gaining geographic redundancy in the process.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-15" }, { "id": "district-heating", "term": "District Heating", "slug": "district-heating", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/district-heating/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A network distributing heat from a central source to many buildings via insulated pipes; a prime offtake for recovered mining heat.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dmz-network", "term": "DMZ (Network)", "slug": "dmz-network", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dmz-network/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A perimeter subnet that isolates public-facing servers from the trusted internal network, limiting damage if one is breached.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dns", "term": "DNS (Domain Name System)", "slug": "dns", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dns/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The internet's distributed directory that translates human-readable domain names into the IP addresses machines actually use.", "word_count": 290, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dollar-cost-averaging-mining", "term": "Dollar Cost Averaging Mining", "slug": "dollar-cost-averaging-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dollar-cost-averaging-mining/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Continuously mining to accumulate Bitcoin steadily over time, regardless of price movements.", "word_count": 214, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "dollar-cost-averaging", "term": "Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA)", "slug": "dollar-cost-averaging", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dollar-cost-averaging/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Investing a fixed amount at regular intervals regardless of price, which smooths the average cost over time.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "domain-fronting", "term": "Domain Fronting", "slug": "domain-fronting", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/domain-fronting/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Hiding a request's true destination by showing an allowed domain in the TLS SNI while the encrypted Host header names the real target.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dora-fine-tuning", "term": "DoRA (Weight-Decomposed Low-Rank Adaptation)", "slug": "dora-fine-tuning", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dora-fine-tuning/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A LoRA variant that splits each weight into magnitude and direction, applying low-rank updates only to direction for closer-to-full fine-tuning.", "word_count": 302, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "double-ratchet-algorithm", "term": "Double Ratchet Algorithm", "slug": "double-ratchet-algorithm", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/double-ratchet-algorithm/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A key-management algorithm deriving a fresh key per message via two ratchets, giving forward secrecy and break-in recovery.", "word_count": 299, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "double-sha-256", "term": "Double SHA-256", "slug": "double-sha-256", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/double-sha-256/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "Applying SHA-256 twice in sequence, the specific hashing method Bitcoin uses for block mining.", "word_count": 160, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "double-spend", "term": "Double Spend", "slug": "double-spend", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/double-spend/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Spending the same bitcoin twice; Bitcoin's proof-of-work blockchain exists specifically to prevent it.", "word_count": 248, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dpo-direct-preference-optimization", "term": "DPO (Direct Preference Optimization)", "slug": "dpo-direct-preference-optimization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dpo-direct-preference-optimization/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A simpler alternative to RLHF that aligns a model directly from preference pairs using a classification loss, with no separate reward model.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "drift-detection", "term": "Drift Detection", "slug": "drift-detection", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/drift-detection/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Detecting when production data or input-output relationships shift away from training conditions, degrading a deployed model's accuracy.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "drivechain", "term": "Drivechain", "slug": "drivechain", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/drivechain/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A proposed Bitcoin sidechain design (BIP-300/301) using hashrate escrows and blind merged mining for a two-way peg.", "word_count": 252, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "droop-control", "term": "Droop Control", "slug": "droop-control", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/droop-control/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A decentralized control scheme that reduces a source's power output as frequency rises, letting parallel generators share load automatically.", "word_count": 244, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dry-joint", "term": "Dry Joint", "slug": "dry-joint", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dry-joint/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A solder connection made with too little or poorly wetted solder, giving a weak, high-resistance, often intermittent contact.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dry-type-transformer", "term": "Dry-Type Transformer", "slug": "dry-type-transformer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dry-type-transformer/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A transformer cooled and insulated by air or solid resin rather than liquid, favored indoors where fire safety and low maintenance matter.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dual-purpose-mining", "term": "Dual-Purpose Mining", "slug": "dual-purpose-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dual-purpose-mining/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Mining Bitcoin while using the heat productively for heating spaces, water, or other applications.", "word_count": 208, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "duct-adapter", "term": "Duct Adapter", "slug": "duct-adapter", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/duct-adapter/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A connector between a miner's exhaust and standard HVAC ducting for directing hot air where needed.", "word_count": 181, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "duress-wallet", "term": "Duress Wallet", "slug": "duress-wallet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/duress-wallet/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A decoy Bitcoin wallet, often unlocked by a separate PIN or no passphrase, holding token funds to satisfy a coercive attacker.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dust-attack", "term": "Dust Attack", "slug": "dust-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dust-attack/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Sending tiny amounts of Bitcoin to many addresses, hoping victims spend the dust and reveal links between their addresses.", "word_count": 247, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dust-limit", "term": "Dust Limit", "slug": "dust-limit", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dust-limit/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin Core's policy threshold below which an output is uneconomical to spend (546 sats legacy, 294 sats P2WPKH) and relay is refused.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dynamic-dns-ddns", "term": "Dynamic DNS (DDNS)", "slug": "dynamic-dns-ddns", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dynamic-dns-ddns/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A service that automatically updates a domain's DNS record whenever a home connection's public IP address changes.", "word_count": 292, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "dvfs", "term": "Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS)", "slug": "dvfs", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/dvfs/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A technique that adjusts a chip's supply voltage and clock frequency together to trade hashrate against power and efficiency.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "efuse", "term": "E-Fuse", "slug": "efuse", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/efuse/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A one-time-programmable on-chip fuse blown by current to permanently store a chip ID, config, key, or repair address — the default 1 cannot return.", "word_count": 312, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "eagle-decoding", "term": "EAGLE Decoding", "slug": "eagle-decoding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/eagle-decoding/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A lossless speculative-decoding method that drafts tokens by extrapolating a model's internal feature vectors, accelerating LLM inference 2-6x.", "word_count": 301, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "early-vs-late-fusion", "term": "Early vs Late Fusion", "slug": "early-vs-late-fusion", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/early-vs-late-fusion/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Two opposing strategies for combining modalities: merging raw features before modeling (early) versus combining separate model outputs at the end (late).", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ecash", "term": "Ecash", "slug": "ecash", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ecash/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Bearer digital cash backed by a redeemable asset, issued as blind-signed tokens so the issuer cannot see balances or trace spends.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "eclair", "term": "Eclair", "slug": "eclair", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/eclair/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Scala (JVM) Lightning Network node implementation by ACINQ, designed for server-side use and high payment volume.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "eclipse-attack", "term": "Eclipse Attack", "slug": "eclipse-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/eclipse-attack/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "An attack that monopolizes all of a node's network connections, isolating it so the attacker controls the victim's entire view of Bitcoin.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "eclipse-attack-resistance", "term": "Eclipse-Attack Resistance", "slug": "eclipse-attack-resistance", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/eclipse-attack-resistance/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The layered Bitcoin Core defenses — addrman bucketing, block-relay-only + anchor + feeler connections, careful peer eviction, diverse outbound slots — that stop an attacker monopolizing a node's connections.", "word_count": 326, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "economizer", "term": "Economizer", "slug": "economizer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/economizer/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A heat exchanger that recovers heat from flue gas to preheat boiler feedwater, raising efficiency by roughly 1% per 40°F of flue cooling.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "edge-connector", "term": "Edge Connector", "slug": "edge-connector", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/edge-connector/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The gold-plated contacts along a circuit board's edge that plug straight into a slot, such as a PCIe card's fingers or a hashboard's connector.", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "eeprom-hashboard", "term": "EEPROM (Hashboard)", "slug": "eeprom-hashboard", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/eeprom-hashboard/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Small non-volatile chip on each hashboard storing serial number, calibration data, voltage trim and frequency tables read at boot.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "efficiency-j-th", "term": "Efficiency (J/TH)", "slug": "efficiency-j-th", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/efficiency-j-th/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Energy efficiency of a miner in Joules per Terahash. Lower is better as it means less electricity per unit of hashrate.", "word_count": 204, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "electrical-substation", "term": "Electrical Substation", "slug": "electrical-substation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/electrical-substation/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Grid infrastructure that transforms voltage between transmission and distribution levels; the interconnection point for a megawatt-scale mining site.", "word_count": 282, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "electricity-cost", "term": "Electricity Cost", "slug": "electricity-cost", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/electricity-cost/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The cost of power for mining, measured in $/kWh. The biggest ongoing expense, varying greatly by location.", "word_count": 210, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "electromigration", "term": "Electromigration", "slug": "electromigration", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/electromigration/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Gradual transport of metal atoms in a conductor caused by high current density, thinning interconnects until they open or short.", "word_count": 282, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "electrum-wallet", "term": "Electrum Wallet", "slug": "electrum-wallet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/electrum-wallet/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A lightweight Bitcoin wallet that uses Electrum servers for fast sync, supporting hardware wallets, multisig, and cold storage.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "elliptic-curve-cryptography-ecc", "term": "Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)", "slug": "elliptic-curve-cryptography-ecc", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/elliptic-curve-cryptography-ecc/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Public-key cryptography built on the algebra of elliptic curves over finite fields, giving strong security at far smaller key sizes than RSA.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "elliptic-curve-diffie-hellman-ecdh", "term": "Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH)", "slug": "elliptic-curve-diffie-hellman-ecdh", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/elliptic-curve-diffie-hellman-ecdh/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A key-agreement protocol where two parties derive a shared secret from their own private key and the other's public key over an open channel.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "elliptic-curve-pairing", "term": "Elliptic Curve Pairing", "slug": "elliptic-curve-pairing", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/elliptic-curve-pairing/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A bilinear map taking two elliptic-curve points to a target group, enabling BLS signatures, polynomial commitments, and many zero-knowledge proofs.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "elliptic-curve-point-multiplication", "term": "Elliptic Curve Point Multiplication", "slug": "elliptic-curve-point-multiplication", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/elliptic-curve-point-multiplication/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Adding a curve point to itself a scalar number of times — the easy-forward, hard-to-reverse operation that derives a public key from a private key.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "eltoo", "term": "Eltoo", "slug": "eltoo", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/eltoo/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A proposed Lightning channel-update scheme (LN-Symmetry) where any newer state can replace any older one, removing the penalty mechanism.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "eltoo-ln-symmetry", "term": "Eltoo (LN-Symmetry)", "slug": "eltoo-ln-symmetry", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/eltoo-ln-symmetry/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Proposed penalty-free Lightning update scheme where any newer channel state can simply replace any older one, requiring SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT.", "word_count": 279, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "embedding-dimension", "term": "Embedding Dimension", "slug": "embedding-dimension", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/embedding-dimension/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The number of numeric components in an embedding vector, setting how much detail the representation can encode and how much memory it costs.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "embeddings", "term": "Embeddings", "slug": "embeddings", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/embeddings/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Dense numeric vectors that represent text, images, or other data so that semantically similar items sit close together in space.", "word_count": 247, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "emergent-abilities", "term": "Emergent Abilities", "slug": "emergent-abilities", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/emergent-abilities/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Capabilities absent in smaller AI models that appear, often abruptly, only past a certain scale — and whose sharpness is contested.", "word_count": 293, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "emi-shielding", "term": "EMI Shielding", "slug": "emi-shielding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/emi-shielding/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A grounded conductive barrier, often a metal can over a PCB, that contains or blocks electromagnetic interference like a small Faraday cage.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "emmc", "term": "eMMC", "slug": "emmc", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/emmc/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Embedded MultiMediaCard — a managed NAND-flash package used as the firmware storage on newer ASIC control boards like the S19 XP and S21.", "word_count": 233, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "empty-block", "term": "Empty Block", "slug": "empty-block", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/empty-block/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A valid Bitcoin block containing only the coinbase transaction and no user transactions, usually mined briefly after a new block is found.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "encoder-decoder-architecture", "term": "Encoder-Decoder Architecture", "slug": "encoder-decoder-architecture", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/encoder-decoder-architecture/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A neural design that encodes an input sequence into an internal representation, then decodes it into an output, enabling sequence-to-sequence tasks.", "word_count": 297, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "end-to-end-encryption", "term": "End-to-End Encryption (E2EE)", "slug": "end-to-end-encryption", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/end-to-end-encryption/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Encryption where only the sender and intended recipient can read a message; no intermediary, server, or relay holds the keys.", "word_count": 252, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ephemeral-anchors", "term": "Ephemeral Anchors", "slug": "ephemeral-anchors", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ephemeral-anchors/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A relay-policy refinement of CPFP using a zero-value, anyone-can-spend output so any party can fee-bump a presigned transaction.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "episodic-vs-semantic-memory-ai", "term": "Episodic vs Semantic Memory (AI)", "slug": "episodic-vs-semantic-memory-ai", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/episodic-vs-semantic-memory-ai/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Two long-term AI memory types: episodic stores specific past experiences with context; semantic stores general decontextualized facts and knowledge.", "word_count": 280, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "epoch", "term": "Epoch", "slug": "epoch", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/epoch/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A 2,016-block period between difficulty adjustments. Each epoch lasts roughly two weeks.", "word_count": 183, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "epoch-training", "term": "Epoch (Training)", "slug": "epoch-training", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/epoch-training/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "One complete pass of the entire training dataset through a learning algorithm during model training.", "word_count": 223, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "equal-output-coinjoin", "term": "Equal-Output CoinJoin", "slug": "equal-output-coinjoin", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/equal-output-coinjoin/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A CoinJoin design where participants share an identical output denomination so observers cannot match inputs to specific outputs.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "erlay-bip330-transaction-relay", "term": "Erlay (BIP330)", "slug": "erlay-bip330-transaction-relay", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/erlay-bip330-transaction-relay/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A proposed Bitcoin transaction-relay protocol that uses set reconciliation to cut the bandwidth nodes spend announcing unconfirmed transactions.", "word_count": 281, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "esd", "term": "ESD (Electrostatic Discharge)", "slug": "esd", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/esd/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A sudden static-electricity discharge that can silently damage or weaken sensitive electronics, often below the human feeling threshold.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "esd-protection", "term": "ESD Protection", "slug": "esd-protection", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/esd-protection/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "On-chip clamps and diodes that shunt sudden electrostatic discharge safely to ground before it punches through transistor gates and kills the IC.", "word_count": 319, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "esp32", "term": "ESP32", "slug": "esp32", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/esp32/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "A low-cost microcontroller powering open-source miners like Bitaxe. Handles WiFi, firmware, and chip control.", "word_count": 194, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "eutectic-solder", "term": "Eutectic Solder", "slug": "eutectic-solder", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/eutectic-solder/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A solder whose exact alloy ratio melts and freezes at one single temperature, with no pasty plastic range in between.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "euv-lithography", "term": "EUV Lithography", "slug": "euv-lithography", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/euv-lithography/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Chip patterning that uses 13.5nm extreme-ultraviolet light from a tin plasma to print features at the 7nm node and below.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "evil-maid-attack", "term": "Evil Maid Attack", "slug": "evil-maid-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/evil-maid-attack/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A physical attack where an adversary tampers with an unattended device, e.g. its bootloader, to capture passwords or keys on the owner's next use.", "word_count": 296, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "exl2", "term": "EXL2 (ExLlamaV2 format)", "slug": "exl2", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/exl2/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A GPU-focused quantization format that mixes 2-to-8-bit precision per layer to hit any chosen average bitrate.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "exllamav2", "term": "ExLlamaV2", "slug": "exllamav2", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/exllamav2/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A fast inference library for running quantized LLMs locally on consumer NVIDIA GPUs using the EXL2 format.", "word_count": 244, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "expert-parallelism", "term": "Expert Parallelism", "slug": "expert-parallelism", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/expert-parallelism/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Distributed strategy for Mixture-of-Experts models that places different experts on different devices and routes tokens to them via all-to-all communication.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "extended-public-key-xpub", "term": "Extended Public Key (xpub / ypub / zpub)", "slug": "extended-public-key-xpub", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/extended-public-key-xpub/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A BIP32 master public key that derives all of a wallet's receive addresses without exposing private keys; the y/z prefixes signal the address type.", "word_count": 233, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "extranonce", "term": "Extranonce", "slug": "extranonce", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/extranonce/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Extra nonce space inside the coinbase transaction that miners roll once the 32-bit header nonce is exhausted, massively expanding the proof-of-work search space.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "f2pool", "term": "F2Pool", "slug": "f2pool", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/f2pool/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "One of the oldest Bitcoin mining pools, founded in 2013 (\"Discus Fish\"), supporting 40+ coins with PPS, FPPS, PPS+, and PPLNS payouts.", "word_count": 206, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "factory-reset", "term": "Factory Reset (ASIC Miner)", "slug": "factory-reset", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/factory-reset/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Restoring an ASIC miner to default settings by holding the control-board reset button, clearing pool config and network settings.", "word_count": 223, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fan-curve", "term": "Fan Curve", "slug": "fan-curve", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fan-curve/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "The mapping a miner's firmware uses to set fan speed against chip temperature, trading cooling headroom against noise and power draw.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "faraday-bag", "term": "Faraday Bag", "slug": "faraday-bag", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/faraday-bag/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A flexible shielded pouch that blocks wireless signals, isolating a phone, key fob, or hardware wallet from cellular, Wi-Fi, GPS, Bluetooth, and RFID.", "word_count": 294, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fatf-travel-rule", "term": "FATF Travel Rule", "slug": "fatf-travel-rule", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fatf-travel-rule/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "FATF Recommendation 16 requiring crypto firms to collect and pass on sender and recipient data for transfers above a set threshold.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "feather-fork", "term": "Feather Fork", "slug": "feather-fork", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/feather-fork/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A soft censorship threat where a miner with under 50% hashrate vows to briefly fork around any block containing a blacklisted transaction.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "feature-store", "term": "Feature Store", "slug": "feature-store", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/feature-store/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A centralized system that stores, versions, and serves machine-learning features consistently for both model training and live inference.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "federated-peg", "term": "Federated Peg", "slug": "federated-peg", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/federated-peg/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A two-way peg where a known federation, not proof-of-work, custodies main-chain bitcoin and authorizes sidechain transfers.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "federation-bitcoin", "term": "Federation (Bitcoin)", "slug": "federation-bitcoin", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/federation-bitcoin/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A defined group of operators that jointly custody Bitcoin or run a sidechain via threshold multisig, trusting that a quorum stays honest.", "word_count": 305, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fedimint", "term": "Fedimint", "slug": "fedimint", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fedimint/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An open protocol for federated Chaumian ecash on Bitcoin, where a quorum of guardians jointly custody funds and issue blind-signed tokens.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fee-estimation", "term": "Fee Estimation", "slug": "fee-estimation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fee-estimation/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin Core's method of predicting the feerate needed to confirm within a target number of blocks, based on observed confirmation history.", "word_count": 280, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fee-rate-sat-vb", "term": "Fee Rate (sat/vB)", "slug": "fee-rate-sat-vb", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fee-rate-sat-vb/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Satoshis paid per virtual byte of a transaction; the price-per-space miners use to prioritize what to confirm.", "word_count": 240, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fee-sniping", "term": "Fee Sniping", "slug": "fee-sniping", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fee-sniping/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Re-mining a recent block to capture its transaction fees plus newly arrived high-fee transactions, rather than extending the chain normally.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "feed-in-tariff", "term": "Feed-in Tariff", "slug": "feed-in-tariff", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/feed-in-tariff/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A policy guaranteeing renewable generators a fixed price per kWh fed into the grid under a long-term contract.", "word_count": 283, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "feeler-connection", "term": "Feeler Connection", "slug": "feeler-connection", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/feeler-connection/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A brief Bitcoin Core test connection, made about every two minutes, that verifies a \"new\"-table address and promotes it to \"tried.\"", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ferrite-bead", "term": "Ferrite Bead", "slug": "ferrite-bead", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ferrite-bead/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A small ferrite component that absorbs high-frequency noise as heat, cleaning up power and signal lines without blocking DC.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "few-shot-prompting", "term": "Few-Shot Prompting", "slug": "few-shot-prompting", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/few-shot-prompting/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Supplying a model with a small number of worked examples inside the prompt so it infers the task before answering the real query.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fiat-currency", "term": "Fiat Currency", "slug": "fiat-currency", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fiat-currency/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Government-issued money not backed by a physical commodity; its supply is managed by a central authority.", "word_count": 279, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fidelity-bond", "term": "Fidelity Bond", "slug": "fidelity-bond", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fidelity-bond/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin deliberately time-locked to make a cryptographic identity costly to forge, used to resist Sybil attacks in privacy and coordination protocols.", "word_count": 290, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fine-tuning", "term": "Fine-Tuning", "slug": "fine-tuning", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fine-tuning/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Further training a pretrained model on a smaller task-specific dataset to specialize it while keeping its general knowledge.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "finfet", "term": "FinFET", "slug": "finfet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/finfet/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A 3D transistor whose gate wraps three sides of a raised silicon fin, giving tighter channel control than flat planar designs.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "finite-field", "term": "Finite Field", "slug": "finite-field", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/finite-field/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A number system with finitely many elements where add, subtract, multiply and divide all stay inside the set — the arithmetic ECC runs on.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "finney-attack", "term": "Finney Attack", "slug": "finney-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/finney-attack/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A double-spend by a miner who pre-mines a block containing a self-payment, then spends the same coins with a merchant before releasing it.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fintrac-bitcoin-miners-canada", "term": "FINTRAC (for Bitcoin Miners)", "slug": "fintrac-bitcoin-miners-canada", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fintrac-bitcoin-miners-canada/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Canada's AML regulator; mining for your own account is not registrable, but dealing in virtual currency for others requires MSB registration.", "word_count": 320, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "firewall", "term": "Firewall", "slug": "firewall", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/firewall/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A device or software that enforces an access-control policy between networks, allowing or blocking traffic based on defined rules.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "firmware", "term": "Firmware", "slug": "firmware", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/firmware/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The software running on a miner that manages hashing, pool connections, and hardware monitoring.", "word_count": 200, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "firmware-dev-fee", "term": "Firmware Dev Fee", "slug": "firmware-dev-fee", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/firmware-dev-fee/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A small share of hashrate that custom mining firmware diverts to its developers as payment, typically a low single-digit percentage.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "firmware-flashing", "term": "Firmware Flashing (ASIC Miner)", "slug": "firmware-flashing", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/firmware-flashing/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Writing a new firmware image to an ASIC miner's control board, replacing the software that runs the hashboards and web UI.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "first-seen-safe-rule", "term": "First-Seen-Safe Rule", "slug": "first-seen-safe-rule", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/first-seen-safe-rule/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A default node policy that keeps the first valid version of a transaction it received and rejects later conflicting spends of the same coins.", "word_count": 244, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "flare-gas-mining", "term": "Flare Gas Mining", "slug": "flare-gas-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/flare-gas-mining/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Mining Bitcoin on-site with electricity generated from natural gas that would otherwise be flared (burned off) or vented at oil wells.", "word_count": 286, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "flared-gas-mining", "term": "Flared Gas Mining (Flare Mitigation)", "slug": "flared-gas-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/flared-gas-mining/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Powering Bitcoin miners with associated gas that would otherwise be flared at an oil well, converting waste gas into electricity on-site.", "word_count": 299, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "flash-attention", "term": "Flash Attention", "slug": "flash-attention", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/flash-attention/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An IO-aware, exact attention algorithm that tiles computation to cut GPU memory traffic, running faster and using far less memory on long sequences.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "flip-chip", "term": "Flip Chip", "slug": "flip-chip", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/flip-chip/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A packaging method that mounts a die face-down onto the substrate using an area array of solder bumps instead of wire bonds.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "flops-floating-point-operations-per-second", "term": "FLOPS (Floating-Point Operations Per Second)", "slug": "flops-floating-point-operations-per-second", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/flops-floating-point-operations-per-second/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A measure of compute throughput — floating-point operations per second. Note the case: FLOPS is a rate; FLOPs is a count of operations.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "flops", "term": "FLOPS (Floating-Point Operations per Second)", "slug": "flops", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/flops/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Floating-point operations per second — the standard measure of an AI accelerator's raw compute throughput; precision-dependent, and for inference often less binding than memory bandwidth.", "word_count": 280, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "flowise", "term": "Flowise", "slug": "flowise", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/flowise/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An open-source, low-code drag-and-drop tool for visually building LLM apps, chatbots, RAG pipelines, and multi-agent flows.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "flux", "term": "Flux", "slug": "flux", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/flux/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A chemical agent that strips oxidation off metal surfaces so molten solder can wet and bond cleanly, essential for reliable joints.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "flux-activator", "term": "Flux Activator", "slug": "flux-activator", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/flux-activator/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "The chemically aggressive component in flux that strips metal oxides at soldering temperature so solder can wet and bond.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fomo", "term": "FOMO", "slug": "fomo", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fomo/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Fear Of Missing Out: the anxiety that drives impulsive buying when an asset is rising and participants fear being left behind.", "word_count": 244, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fork", "term": "Fork", "slug": "fork", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fork/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A split in the blockchain into two paths. Can be temporary from competing blocks or permanent from rule changes.", "word_count": 185, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "fork-after-withholding", "term": "Fork-After-Withholding (FAW) Attack", "slug": "fork-after-withholding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fork-after-withholding/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A pool attack combining block withholding with deliberate forking, releasing withheld blocks only to trigger forks and out-earn plain withholding.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "forward-proxy", "term": "Forward Proxy", "slug": "forward-proxy", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/forward-proxy/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A server that sits in front of clients and makes outbound requests on their behalf, hiding their identity and centralizing egress control — the mirror of a reverse proxy.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "forward-secrecy", "term": "Forward Secrecy", "slug": "forward-secrecy", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/forward-secrecy/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A property ensuring past encrypted sessions stay secure even if a long-term private key is later compromised.", "word_count": 292, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "foundation-model", "term": "Foundation Model", "slug": "foundation-model", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/foundation-model/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A large model trained on broad data, generally via self-supervision at scale, that can be adapted to many downstream tasks; coined by Stanford in 2021.", "word_count": 293, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "foundation-passport", "term": "Foundation Passport", "slug": "foundation-passport", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/foundation-passport/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Air-gapped Bitcoin-only hardware wallet by Foundation Devices with open-source firmware and hardware, communicating via QR codes and microSD.", "word_count": 210, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "foundry", "term": "Foundry", "slug": "foundry", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/foundry/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A semiconductor fabrication plant (fab) that manufactures chips from a customer's design, such as TSMC building mining ASICs for fabless vendors.", "word_count": 245, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "foundry-usa-pool", "term": "Foundry USA Pool", "slug": "foundry-usa-pool", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/foundry-usa-pool/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A U.S.-based Bitcoin mining pool operated by Foundry Digital, a Digital Currency Group subsidiary, paying miners via FPPS.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fp16-int8-precision", "term": "FP16 / INT8 Precision", "slug": "fp16-int8-precision", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fp16-int8-precision/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Numeric formats for AI math: FP16 is 16-bit half-precision floating point; INT8 is 8-bit integer, smaller and faster but lossy.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fp8", "term": "FP8", "slug": "fp8", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fp8/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "8-bit floating-point format (E4M3 and E5M2 variants) used to accelerate AI training on modern accelerators with lower memory and higher throughput.", "word_count": 246, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fpga", "term": "FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array)", "slug": "fpga", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fpga/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A reconfigurable logic chip whose internal circuitry is defined after manufacture; the programmable-logic half of the Antminer's Zynq SoC.", "word_count": 233, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fpps", "term": "FPPS", "slug": "fpps", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fpps/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A pool payout method paying miners a fixed rate per share including estimated transaction fees.", "word_count": 177, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "fractional-reserve-banking", "term": "Fractional Reserve Banking", "slug": "fractional-reserve-banking", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fractional-reserve-banking/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Banking model where institutions hold only a fraction of deposits as reserves and lend out the rest, expanding the money supply through credit.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "free-cooling", "term": "Free Cooling", "slug": "free-cooling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/free-cooling/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Cooling that uses cold outside air or water to reject heat without running power-hungry mechanical chillers or compressors.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "frequency-hopping", "term": "Frequency Hopping (FHSS)", "slug": "frequency-hopping", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/frequency-hopping/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A spread-spectrum technique that rapidly switches the carrier across many channels in a shared pseudorandom sequence to resist interference.", "word_count": 279, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "frequency-regulation", "term": "Frequency Regulation", "slug": "frequency-regulation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/frequency-regulation/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "An ancillary service that holds grid frequency at its target (e.g. 60 Hz) by adjusting output or load second-by-second.", "word_count": 294, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fresnel-zone", "term": "Fresnel Zone", "slug": "fresnel-zone", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fresnel-zone/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The elliptical region around a radio line-of-sight path that must stay mostly clear of obstacles for a reliable link.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fri-protocol", "term": "FRI Protocol", "slug": "fri-protocol", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fri-protocol/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Fast Reed-Solomon Interactive Oracle Proof of Proximity — a hash-based, transparent, quantum-resistant low-degree test at the heart of STARKs.", "word_count": 246, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "frontier-model", "term": "Frontier Model", "slug": "frontier-model", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/frontier-model/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A highly capable, general-purpose AI model at the current state of the art, often defined in policy by training-compute thresholds.", "word_count": 313, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "frost", "term": "FROST", "slug": "frost", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/frost/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Flexible Round-Optimized Schnorr Threshold signatures: a two-round protocol where t-of-n signers jointly produce one Schnorr signature.", "word_count": 291, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fud", "term": "FUD", "slug": "fud", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fud/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt: negative or exaggerated information that spreads pessimism and can pressure prices lower.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "full-node", "term": "Full Node", "slug": "full-node", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/full-node/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Bitcoin client that downloads, independently validates, and stores the entire blockchain, enforcing consensus rules without trusting any third party.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "fully-sharded-data-parallel-fsdp", "term": "Fully Sharded Data Parallel (FSDP)", "slug": "fully-sharded-data-parallel-fsdp", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/fully-sharded-data-parallel-fsdp/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "PyTorch data-parallel method that shards model parameters, gradients, and optimizer states across devices to fit far larger models per GPU.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "function-calling", "term": "Function Calling", "slug": "function-calling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/function-calling/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An LLM capability where the model emits a structured JSON request to invoke a developer-defined tool, enabling AI to trigger real actions.", "word_count": 300, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "functionary", "term": "Functionary", "slug": "functionary", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/functionary/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A hardened HSM-backed server in the Liquid Federation that signs sidechain blocks and secures the Bitcoin two-way peg.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "gaafet", "term": "GAAFET (Gate-All-Around)", "slug": "gaafet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gaafet/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A transistor where the gate fully surrounds stacked horizontal nanosheet channels, succeeding FinFET at the 2nm node and below.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "gallium-nitride-gan", "term": "Gallium Nitride (GaN)", "slug": "gallium-nitride-gan", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gallium-nitride-gan/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A wide-bandgap semiconductor (~3.4 eV) used in HEMT power transistors that switch faster than silicon, enabling smaller, more efficient PSUs.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "gap-limit", "term": "Gap Limit", "slug": "gap-limit", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gap-limit/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The number of consecutive unused addresses (default 20) a wallet scans before assuming no further funds exist on a derivation branch.", "word_count": 248, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "garage-mining", "term": "Garage Mining", "slug": "garage-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/garage-mining/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Running miners in a home garage for noise isolation and easy access. A popular choice for residential mining.", "word_count": 205, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "gated-linear-attention", "term": "Gated Linear Attention", "slug": "gated-linear-attention", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gated-linear-attention/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Linear attention augmented with data-dependent gates that control how a fixed-size state forgets and updates, improving recall at constant memory.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "gemm-general-matrix-multiply", "term": "GEMM (General Matrix Multiply)", "slug": "gemm-general-matrix-multiply", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gemm-general-matrix-multiply/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The dense matrix-multiply operation (C = αAB + βC) that dominates the compute in neural networks and the math behind AI accelerators.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "generative-adversarial-network", "term": "Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)", "slug": "generative-adversarial-network", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/generative-adversarial-network/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A generative model where a generator and a discriminator compete, the generator learning to produce data realistic enough to fool the critic.", "word_count": 225, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "generative-adversarial-network-gan", "term": "Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)", "slug": "generative-adversarial-network-gan", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/generative-adversarial-network-gan/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A generative AI architecture where two competing neural networks — a generator and a discriminator — train against each other to produce realistic data.", "word_count": 320, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "generator-genset", "term": "Generator (Genset)", "slug": "generator-genset", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/generator-genset/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "A fuel-burning engine coupled to an alternator that produces on-site electricity, the workhorse of off-grid and behind-the-meter Bitcoin mining.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "generator-point", "term": "Generator Point", "slug": "generator-point", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/generator-point/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The fixed, publicly known base point G on secp256k1 that every Bitcoin public key is derived from by multiplying it by a private key.", "word_count": 219, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "genesis-block", "term": "Genesis Block", "slug": "genesis-block", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/genesis-block/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The first Bitcoin block (block 0), mined January 3 2009, with an unspendable 50 BTC reward and the famous Times headline.", "word_count": 219, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "genesis-block-headline", "term": "Genesis Block Headline", "slug": "genesis-block-headline", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/genesis-block-headline/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The Times newspaper headline Satoshi embedded in Bitcoin's first block on January 3, 2009, timestamping and contextualizing the chain.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "genset-synchronization", "term": "Genset Synchronization", "slug": "genset-synchronization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/genset-synchronization/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Matching a generator's voltage, frequency, phase sequence and phase angle to a bus before paralleling, so multiple units can share a mining load.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "geothermal-mining", "term": "Geothermal Mining", "slug": "geothermal-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/geothermal-mining/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Powering Bitcoin miners with electricity generated from the Earth's heat, such as El Salvador's volcano-driven geothermal plants.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "getblocktemplate", "term": "getblocktemplate (GBT)", "slug": "getblocktemplate", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/getblocktemplate/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The Bitcoin Core RPC (BIP 22/23) that hands a miner all data needed to assemble a candidate block, letting miners — not pools — choose transactions.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "getwork", "term": "Getwork", "slug": "getwork", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/getwork/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "An older, less efficient mining protocol replaced by Stratum. Required frequent polling for new work.", "word_count": 182, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "gguf", "term": "GGUF", "slug": "gguf", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gguf/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A self-contained binary file format that packs a quantized LLM's weights, tokenizer, and metadata into one portable file for local inference with llama.cpp.", "word_count": 238, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "gmrs", "term": "GMRS (General Mobile Radio Service)", "slug": "gmrs", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gmrs/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Licensed US UHF radio service (462/467 MHz) allowing up to 50W, repeaters, and short data, with a no-exam family license for off-grid voice.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "golden-nonce", "term": "Golden Nonce", "slug": "golden-nonce", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/golden-nonce/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The specific nonce value that, hashed with the block header, finally produces a hash below the network target — the winning solution that mines a block.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "goodput-llm-serving", "term": "Goodput (LLM Serving)", "slug": "goodput-llm-serving", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/goodput-llm-serving/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The maximum request rate an LLM server can sustain while still meeting its latency SLOs, distinguishing useful capacity from raw throughput.", "word_count": 321, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "gpio", "term": "GPIO (General-Purpose Input/Output)", "slug": "gpio", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gpio/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Software-controllable digital pins on a control-board processor used to sense, switch, and reset peripherals on an ASIC miner.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "gpl-gnu-general-public-license", "term": "GPL (GNU General Public License)", "slug": "gpl-gnu-general-public-license", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gpl-gnu-general-public-license/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "A strong copyleft free-software license requiring that anyone who distributes the code, modified or not, pass on the same freedoms and source.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "gpqa-graduate-level-google-proof-qa", "term": "GPQA (Graduate-Level Google-Proof Q&A)", "slug": "gpqa-graduate-level-google-proof-qa", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gpqa-graduate-level-google-proof-qa/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A PhD-level science benchmark of expert-written questions designed to be hard even with open web access.", "word_count": 307, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "gptq", "term": "GPTQ", "slug": "gptq", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gptq/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A one-shot post-training method that quantizes LLM weights to 3-4 bits using second-order error correction, with minimal accuracy loss.", "word_count": 291, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "gpu-kernel", "term": "GPU Kernel", "slug": "gpu-kernel", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gpu-kernel/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A function written once but executed in parallel across thousands of GPU threads, the unit of work the GPU actually runs.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "gpudirect-rdma", "term": "GPUDirect RDMA", "slug": "gpudirect-rdma", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gpudirect-rdma/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "An NVIDIA technology letting network adapters read and write GPU memory directly, bypassing the CPU and host RAM for lower latency.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "gradient-accumulation", "term": "Gradient Accumulation", "slug": "gradient-accumulation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gradient-accumulation/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Technique that sums gradients across several small micro-batches before one optimizer step, simulating a large batch size on limited memory.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "gradient-checkpointing", "term": "Gradient Checkpointing", "slug": "gradient-checkpointing", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gradient-checkpointing/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Memory-saving technique that discards most intermediate activations during the forward pass and recomputes them on demand during backpropagation.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "gradient-clipping", "term": "Gradient Clipping", "slug": "gradient-clipping", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gradient-clipping/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Capping the magnitude of gradients during backprop to prevent exploding gradients from destabilizing training, usually by global-norm scaling.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "gradient-descent", "term": "Gradient Descent", "slug": "gradient-descent", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gradient-descent/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Optimization method that nudges model weights downhill along the loss gradient to minimize error.", "word_count": 242, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "grammar-constrained-decoding", "term": "Grammar-Constrained Decoding", "slug": "grammar-constrained-decoding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/grammar-constrained-decoding/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Forcing a model's output to follow a formal grammar by masking out any next token that would break the rules before sampling.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "grapheneos", "term": "GrapheneOS", "slug": "grapheneos", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/grapheneos/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A hardened, de-Googled mobile OS based on Android (Pixel-only) focused on privacy and security through stronger sandboxing and exploit mitigations.", "word_count": 303, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "great-mining-migration", "term": "Great Mining Migration", "slug": "great-mining-migration", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/great-mining-migration/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The 2021 exodus of Bitcoin miners out of China after Beijing's mining ban, redistributing hashrate to the US, Kazakhstan, and beyond.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "greedy-decoding", "term": "Greedy Decoding", "slug": "greedy-decoding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/greedy-decoding/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Decoding strategy that always picks the single highest-probability next token at each step, producing deterministic but often repetitive output.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "greshams-law", "term": "Gresham’s Law", "slug": "greshams-law", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/greshams-law/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The principle that \"bad money drives out good\": when two monies trade at par, people spend the weaker and hoard the stronger.", "word_count": 295, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "grid-interconnection", "term": "Grid Interconnection", "slug": "grid-interconnection", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/grid-interconnection/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The regulated approval process for safely connecting new generation or large loads to the electric grid.", "word_count": 296, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "grid-mix", "term": "Grid Mix", "slug": "grid-mix", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/grid-mix/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The blend of generation sources—hydro, gas, coal, nuclear, wind, solar—supplying a grid, which sets the carbon intensity of every kWh mined.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "grid-following-inverter", "term": "Grid-Following Inverter", "slug": "grid-following-inverter", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/grid-following-inverter/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "An inverter that synchronizes to an existing grid via a phase-locked loop and injects current as a controlled current source.", "word_count": 243, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "grid-forming-inverter", "term": "Grid-Forming Inverter", "slug": "grid-forming-inverter", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/grid-forming-inverter/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "An inverter that actively sets grid voltage and frequency like a synchronous generator, able to energize a network and run islanded.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "grokking", "term": "Grokking", "slug": "grokking", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/grokking/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A training phenomenon where a model first overfits, then much later suddenly generalizes to unseen data long after memorizing the training set.", "word_count": 312, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ground-fault", "term": "Ground Fault", "slug": "ground-fault", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ground-fault/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "An unintended current path from an energized conductor to ground; a shock and fire hazard that GFCI devices detect and interrupt.", "word_count": 309, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ground-plane", "term": "Ground Plane", "slug": "ground-plane", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ground-plane/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A solid copper layer used as the common 0V reference and low-impedance return path for signal currents on a PCB.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ground-truth-labeled-data", "term": "Ground Truth / Labeled Data", "slug": "ground-truth-labeled-data", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ground-truth-labeled-data/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The verified correct answers attached to training examples that supervised models learn to predict and are evaluated against.", "word_count": 297, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "grouped-query-attention", "term": "Grouped-Query Attention (GQA)", "slug": "grouped-query-attention", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/grouped-query-attention/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An attention design that lets groups of query heads share key/value heads, balancing the speed of MQA against the quality of multi-head attention.", "word_count": 299, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "grouped-query-attention-gqa", "term": "Grouped-Query Attention (GQA)", "slug": "grouped-query-attention-gqa", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/grouped-query-attention-gqa/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Attention variant where groups of query heads share key/value heads, cutting KV-cache memory at inference.", "word_count": 240, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "grpo-group-relative-policy-optimization", "term": "GRPO (Group Relative Policy Optimization)", "slug": "grpo-group-relative-policy-optimization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/grpo-group-relative-policy-optimization/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A reinforcement-learning method that scores a group of sampled answers against each other, dropping the value network PPO needs and saving memory.", "word_count": 288, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "gsm8k-grade-school-math-benchmark", "term": "GSM8K (Grade School Math Benchmark)", "slug": "gsm8k-grade-school-math-benchmark", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gsm8k-grade-school-math-benchmark/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An OpenAI benchmark of 8,500 grade-school word problems testing multi-step arithmetic reasoning in language models.", "word_count": 292, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "gst-hst-crypto-mining", "term": "GST/HST on Crypto Mining (Canada)", "slug": "gst-hst-crypto-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/gst-hst-crypto-mining/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Canadian rules deeming most crypto-mining activity not a taxable supply, generally removing GST/HST and input tax credits for miners.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "guardrails-llm", "term": "Guardrails (LLM)", "slug": "guardrails-llm", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/guardrails-llm/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Programmable runtime constraints that filter, validate, or block an LLM's inputs and outputs to keep behaviour safe and on-topic.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hallucination-llm", "term": "Hallucination (LLM)", "slug": "hallucination-llm", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hallucination-llm/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "When an LLM produces fluent, confident output that is factually wrong, fabricated, or unsupported by its inputs.", "word_count": 279, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "halving", "term": "Halving", "slug": "halving", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/halving/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The event that cuts Bitcoin's block reward in half every four years, enforcing digital scarcity.", "word_count": 176, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "hard-fork", "term": "Hard Fork", "slug": "hard-fork", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hard-fork/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A non-backward-compatible protocol change requiring all nodes to upgrade. Can permanently split the chain.", "word_count": 176, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "hard-money", "term": "Hard Money", "slug": "hard-money", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hard-money/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Money that is costly to produce and hard to debase, giving it a stable or rising supply schedule and a credible scarcity over time.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hardened-derivation", "term": "Hardened Derivation", "slug": "hardened-derivation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hardened-derivation/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A BIP32 key-derivation mode (index >= 2^31, marked with an apostrophe) that prevents a leaked child key plus a parent xpub from exposing the parent private key.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hardware-backdoor", "term": "Hardware Backdoor", "slug": "hardware-backdoor", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hardware-backdoor/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A hidden access mechanism built into a chip or its firmware that bypasses normal security; intentionally placed, unlike an externally inserted trojan.", "word_count": 307, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hardware-wallet", "term": "Hardware Wallet", "slug": "hardware-wallet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hardware-wallet/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A dedicated offline device that generates and stores Bitcoin private keys, signing transactions internally so keys never touch an internet-connected computer.", "word_count": 265, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "harmonics", "term": "Harmonics", "slug": "harmonics", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/harmonics/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Distortion of the AC waveform at integer multiples of the line frequency, created by nonlinear loads like switch-mode power supplies.", "word_count": 251, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hash", "term": "Hash", "slug": "hash", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hash/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The output of a cryptographic function. Miners search for block hashes below the difficulty target.", "word_count": 188, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "hash-cost", "term": "Hash Cost", "slug": "hash-cost", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hash-cost/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The cost to produce one terahash of mining power. Mining is profitable when hash price exceeds hash cost.", "word_count": 192, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "hash-engine", "term": "Hash Engine", "slug": "hash-engine", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hash-engine/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The fixed-function circuit block inside a mining ASIC that computes the SHA-256 compression function; chips pack thousands in parallel.", "word_count": 251, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hash-price", "term": "Hash Price", "slug": "hash-price", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hash-price/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Revenue per terahash per day. A key metric showing the economic value of mining power at any given time.", "word_count": 186, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "hash-ribbon", "term": "Hash Ribbon", "slug": "hash-ribbon", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hash-ribbon/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "An on-chain indicator using 30- and 60-day hashrate moving averages to flag miner capitulation and historic market bottoms.", "word_count": 284, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hash160", "term": "HASH160", "slug": "hash160", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hash160/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin's public-key hash: RIPEMD-160 applied to the SHA-256 of a public key, yielding the compact 20-byte value inside most addresses.", "word_count": 239, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hashboard", "term": "Hashboard", "slug": "hashboard", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hashboard/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The main mining board inside an ASIC containing rows of mining chips. Most miners have 3-4 hashboards.", "word_count": 201, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "hashboard-repair", "term": "Hashboard Repair", "slug": "hashboard-repair", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hashboard-repair/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Fixing malfunctioning hashboards by replacing failed chips and components to restore full mining performance.", "word_count": 204, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "hashcenter-facility", "term": "Hashcenter", "slug": "hashcenter-facility", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hashcenter-facility/", "category": "", "definition": "A Hashcenter is D-Central's term for a compute facility built for hash-dense or inference-dense work, not generic IT — power-dense by design.", "word_count": 313, "last_modified": "2026-06-15" }, { "id": "hashprice", "term": "Hashprice", "slug": "hashprice", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hashprice/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The expected daily mining revenue per unit of hashrate, quoted in USD (or BTC) per terahash per second per day.", "word_count": 286, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hashprice-ndf", "term": "Hashprice NDF (Non-Deliverable Forward)", "slug": "hashprice-ndf", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hashprice-ndf/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A cash-settled forward on Bitcoin mining hashprice where the gap between the fixed and final price is paid in cash, with no hashrate delivered.", "word_count": 302, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hashrate", "term": "Hashrate", "slug": "hashrate", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hashrate/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The speed at which a mining device performs calculations. More hashrate equals more mining power.", "word_count": 190, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "hashrate-derivative", "term": "Hashrate Derivative", "slug": "hashrate-derivative", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hashrate-derivative/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A financial contract priced on Bitcoin mining output (hashprice), letting miners hedge revenue or investors gain exposure without running hardware.", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hashrate-forward-contract", "term": "Hashrate Forward Contract", "slug": "hashrate-forward-contract", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hashrate-forward-contract/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "An agreement to deliver or buy a fixed amount of mining hashrate at a pre-set hashprice over a defined future period.", "word_count": 316, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hashrate-futures", "term": "Hashrate Futures", "slug": "hashrate-futures", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hashrate-futures/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Exchange or OTC futures contracts that settle against Bitcoin network difficulty or hashprice, letting parties hedge or speculate on mining output.", "word_count": 330, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hashrate-marketplace", "term": "Hashrate Marketplace", "slug": "hashrate-marketplace", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hashrate-marketplace/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A venue where mining capacity and mining-revenue exposure are bought and sold via forwards, futures, and NDFs rather than physical hardware.", "word_count": 311, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hashrate-units", "term": "Hashrate Units (TH/s, PH/s, EH/s)", "slug": "hashrate-units", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hashrate-units/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "Standard measures of mining speed: terahash, petahash, and exahash per second mean trillions, quadrillions, and quintillions of hashes.", "word_count": 226, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "haystack", "term": "Haystack", "slug": "haystack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/haystack/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An open-source Python framework from deepset for building production RAG, search, and agent pipelines from modular components.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hbm-high-bandwidth-memory", "term": "HBM (High-Bandwidth Memory)", "slug": "hbm-high-bandwidth-memory", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hbm-high-bandwidth-memory/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Stacked DRAM with an ultra-wide interface that sits beside AI GPUs to feed their compute cores at terabytes per second.", "word_count": 226, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "header-only-mining", "term": "Header-Only Mining", "slug": "header-only-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/header-only-mining/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The Stratum V2 standard-channel mode where a device only varies the block header (version, nonce, nTime) while the upstream node computes the merkle root.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "headers-first-sync", "term": "Headers-First Sync", "slug": "headers-first-sync", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/headers-first-sync/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Bitcoin sync method that downloads and validates the chain of 80-byte block headers first, then fetches full blocks in parallel.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "heat-exchanger", "term": "Heat Exchanger", "slug": "heat-exchanger", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/heat-exchanger/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A device that transfers heat between two fluids without mixing them; the interface that makes mining heat reuse possible.", "word_count": 284, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "heat-pump-cop", "term": "Heat Pump (COP)", "slug": "heat-pump-cop", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/heat-pump-cop/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "A device that moves heat rather than generating it; its COP measures heat delivered per unit of electricity consumed.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "heat-rate", "term": "Heat Rate", "slug": "heat-rate", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/heat-rate/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The fuel energy a power plant burns per unit of electricity (Btu/kWh); lower is more efficient. The inverse of thermal efficiency.", "word_count": 251, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "heat-recovery", "term": "Heat Recovery", "slug": "heat-recovery", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/heat-recovery/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Capturing miner heat for productive use like home heating. Makes mining economics much more favorable in cold climates.", "word_count": 207, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "heat-reuse", "term": "Heat Reuse", "slug": "heat-reuse", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/heat-reuse/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Capturing the thermal exhaust from ASIC miners — which convert nearly 100% of power into heat — to warm homes, water, or industrial processes.", "word_count": 229, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "heatsink", "term": "Heatsink", "slug": "heatsink", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/heatsink/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A metal component that absorbs and dissipates heat from mining chips, critical for performance.", "word_count": 197, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "heaviest-chain-rule", "term": "Heaviest Chain Rule", "slug": "heaviest-chain-rule", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/heaviest-chain-rule/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A fork-choice variant (GHOST) that weights orphaned sibling blocks toward chain selection, not just the single longest branch.", "word_count": 238, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hierarchical-navigable-small-world-hnsw", "term": "Hierarchical Navigable Small World (HNSW)", "slug": "hierarchical-navigable-small-world-hnsw", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hierarchical-navigable-small-world-hnsw/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A graph-based ANN index that layers navigable small-world graphs like a skip list, giving fast, high-recall vector search.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "high-bandwidth-memory", "term": "High Bandwidth Memory (HBM)", "slug": "high-bandwidth-memory", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/high-bandwidth-memory/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Vertically stacked DRAM placed beside the GPU on a silicon interposer, delivering far more memory bandwidth than conventional GDDR.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hodl", "term": "HODL", "slug": "hodl", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hodl/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Bitcoin slang for holding through volatility, born from a 2013 forum typo of \"hold\"; later backronymed \"hold on for dear life.\"", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hodl-waves", "term": "HODL Waves", "slug": "hodl-waves", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hodl-waves/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Stacked visualization of Bitcoin's supply grouped by UTXO age bands, showing what share of coins last moved within each window.", "word_count": 243, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "home-mining", "term": "Home Mining", "slug": "home-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/home-mining/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Mining Bitcoin at home. Requires managing noise, heat, and power while potentially heating your space.", "word_count": 209, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "meshtastic-hop-limit", "term": "Hop Limit (Meshtastic)", "slug": "meshtastic-hop-limit", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/meshtastic-hop-limit/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Meshtastic setting (default 3, max 7) that caps how many times a packet is rebroadcast across the mesh before nodes stop relaying it.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hot-air-rework-station", "term": "Hot Air Rework Station", "slug": "hot-air-rework-station", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hot-air-rework-station/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A tool delivering a controlled stream of hot air to reflow solder and remove or replace surface-mount and BGA components.", "word_count": 279, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hot-aisle-cold-aisle", "term": "Hot Aisle / Cold Aisle", "slug": "hot-aisle-cold-aisle", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hot-aisle-cold-aisle/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A Hashcenter rack layout that alternates cold-air intake aisles with hot-exhaust aisles so cool and hot airflow never mix.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hot-tweezers", "term": "Hot Tweezers", "slug": "hot-tweezers", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hot-tweezers/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A dual-tip heated soldering tool that melts both ends of a small component at once for clean removal and placement during board repair.", "word_count": 229, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hot-wallet", "term": "Hot Wallet", "slug": "hot-wallet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hot-wallet/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A Bitcoin wallet whose private keys live on an internet-connected device, trading stronger security for fast, convenient day-to-day spending.", "word_count": 241, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "htlc", "term": "HTLC (Hashed Timelock Contract)", "slug": "htlc", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/htlc/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A conditional Lightning payment that releases funds only when a secret preimage is revealed before a timelock expires, enabling trustless multi-hop routing.", "word_count": 237, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hugging-face-hub", "term": "Hugging Face Hub", "slug": "hugging-face-hub", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hugging-face-hub/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Git-based platform hosting millions of open AI models, datasets, and demo apps for download and collaboration.", "word_count": 248, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "human-in-the-loop-ai", "term": "Human-in-the-Loop (AI)", "slug": "human-in-the-loop-ai", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/human-in-the-loop-ai/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An agent design that pauses at defined checkpoints for a person to approve, reject, or edit an action before the automated workflow continues.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "humaneval-code-generation-benchmark", "term": "HumanEval", "slug": "humaneval-code-generation-benchmark", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/humaneval-code-generation-benchmark/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An OpenAI benchmark of 164 Python problems that measures code generation by running model output against hidden unit tests.", "word_count": 296, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hybrid-attention", "term": "Hybrid Attention", "slug": "hybrid-attention", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hybrid-attention/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A layer-mixing strategy that interleaves a few full-attention layers with many efficient layers so models keep global recall at lower cost.", "word_count": 292, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hybrid-search", "term": "Hybrid Search", "slug": "hybrid-search", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hybrid-search/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A retrieval method that combines keyword (sparse) and vector (dense) search, then fuses the two ranked lists into one result set.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hydro-cooling", "term": "Hydro Cooling", "slug": "hydro-cooling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hydro-cooling/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Liquid cooling that runs water/glycol coolant through sealed channels and cold plates inside a miner, expelling heat via an external radiator.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hydroelectric-mining", "term": "Hydroelectric Mining", "slug": "hydroelectric-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hydroelectric-mining/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Mining Bitcoin with hydropower, often seasonally, to absorb cheap surplus generation during high-water periods like the wet season.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hyperbitcoinization", "term": "Hyperbitcoinization", "slug": "hyperbitcoinization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hyperbitcoinization/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A hypothetical rapid, voluntary transition where a population abandons weaker currencies and adopts Bitcoin as its primary money.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "hyperparameter", "term": "Hyperparameter", "slug": "hyperparameter", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/hyperparameter/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A configuration value set before training that controls how a model learns, rather than being learned from the data.", "word_count": 247, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "i2c-bus", "term": "I2C Bus", "slug": "i2c-bus", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/i2c-bus/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A two-wire serial bus (SDA/SCL) the control board uses to read hashboard EEPROMs and sensors; central to EEPROM error diagnosis.", "word_count": 235, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "i2p", "term": "I2P (Invisible Internet Project)", "slug": "i2p", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/i2p/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A peer-to-peer anonymity network using unidirectional 'garlic routing' tunnels, optimized for hidden services rather than browsing the public internet.", "word_count": 280, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "iec-60320-c13-c14", "term": "IEC 60320 C13 / C14 Connector", "slug": "iec-60320-c13-c14", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/iec-60320-c13-c14/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The standard kettle-style IT power coupler: C14 inlet on the device, C13 cord connector, rated 10A (intl) / 15A (NA) at 250V.", "word_count": 227, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "iec-60320-c19-c20", "term": "IEC 60320 C19 / C20 Connector", "slug": "iec-60320-c19-c20", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/iec-60320-c19-c20/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The high-current IT power coupler: C20 inlet, C19 cord connector, rated 16A (intl) / up to 20A (NA) at 250V for heavy loads.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "image-embedding", "term": "Image Embedding", "slug": "image-embedding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/image-embedding/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A dense numerical vector that represents an image's visual content so similar images sit close together in vector space.", "word_count": 232, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "image-patch-embedding", "term": "Image Patch Embedding", "slug": "image-patch-embedding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/image-patch-embedding/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Splitting an image into fixed-size patches and turning each into a vector, the first step that lets a transformer process pictures.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "immersion-cooling", "term": "Immersion Cooling", "slug": "immersion-cooling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/immersion-cooling/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Submerging mining hardware in non-conductive liquid for silent, efficient cooling. Eliminates fans and dust.", "word_count": 213, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "immersion-tank", "term": "Immersion Tank", "slug": "immersion-tank", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/immersion-tank/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "A sealed container of cooling fluid for silent mining. Eliminates fans and enables overclocking.", "word_count": 208, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "importance-matrix", "term": "Importance Matrix (imatrix)", "slug": "importance-matrix", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/importance-matrix/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A llama.cpp calibration technique that records which weights matter most, steering bits toward them during quantization.", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "in-context-learning", "term": "In-Context Learning", "slug": "in-context-learning", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/in-context-learning/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A model's ability to perform a new task from instructions or examples placed in the prompt, with no weight updates.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "in-flight-batching", "term": "In-Flight Batching", "slug": "in-flight-batching", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/in-flight-batching/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An LLM serving technique that adds new requests and evicts finished ones at each token-generation step instead of waiting for a whole batch.", "word_count": 314, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "inbound-liquidity", "term": "Inbound Liquidity", "slug": "inbound-liquidity", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/inbound-liquidity/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The Bitcoin held on a Lightning peer's side of your channels, representing the amount you can receive. Often the hardest resource to acquire.", "word_count": 212, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "indirect-prompt-injection", "term": "Indirect Prompt Injection", "slug": "indirect-prompt-injection", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/indirect-prompt-injection/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An attack where malicious instructions hidden in external content (web pages, files, emails) are ingested by an LLM and executed as commands.", "word_count": 294, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "inductor", "term": "Inductor", "slug": "inductor", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/inductor/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A coil that stores energy in a magnetic field; the bulky component that smooths current in every hashboard buck converter.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "inference", "term": "Inference", "slug": "inference", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/inference/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The runtime phase where a trained AI model takes a prompt and generates output via a forward pass — distinct from the one-time training phase.", "word_count": 231, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "inference-endpoint", "term": "Inference Endpoint", "slug": "inference-endpoint", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/inference-endpoint/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A network-addressable API (usually REST or gRPC) that exposes a deployed model so other systems can request predictions.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "infiniband", "term": "InfiniBand", "slug": "infiniband", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/infiniband/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A switched-fabric interconnect offering very low latency and high bandwidth, widely used to network GPU nodes in AI and HPC clusters.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "inflation", "term": "Inflation", "slug": "inflation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/inflation/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A sustained rise in the general price level of goods and services, which reduces the purchasing power of each unit of money over time.", "word_count": 288, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "initial-block-download", "term": "Initial Block Download (IBD)", "slug": "initial-block-download", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/initial-block-download/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The one-time process where a new Bitcoin full node downloads and independently validates the entire blockchain from genesis to tip before it is fully synced (~600+ GB, hours to days).", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "input-registration", "term": "Input Registration", "slug": "input-registration", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/input-registration/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The CoinJoin phase where participants commit which UTXOs they will mix and receive blinded credentials for their value.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "inrush-current", "term": "Inrush Current", "slug": "inrush-current", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/inrush-current/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The brief, high current surge a power supply draws at switch-on as its input capacitors charge from a near-zero state.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "inscriptions", "term": "Inscriptions", "slug": "inscriptions", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/inscriptions/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Arbitrary data (images, text, JSON) embedded in a Bitcoin transaction's witness, attached to a satoshi via Ordinals.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "interconnection-queue", "term": "Interconnection Queue", "slug": "interconnection-queue", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/interconnection-queue/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The waitlist of generation and load projects awaiting studies and approval to connect to the grid, often a multi-year backlog.", "word_count": 286, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "interleaved-image-text", "term": "Interleaved Image-Text", "slug": "interleaved-image-text", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/interleaved-image-text/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Sequences where images and text alternate, like an illustrated article, that a model must both understand and generate coherently.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "intermetallic-compound", "term": "Intermetallic Compound", "slug": "intermetallic-compound", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/intermetallic-compound/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A brittle metallurgical layer (e.g. Cu6Sn5, Cu3Sn) that forms where solder meets copper; the bond that makes a joint, but harmful in excess.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "interruptible-load", "term": "Interruptible Load", "slug": "interruptible-load", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/interruptible-load/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Demand a customer agrees to curtail on request, typically under a tariff offering lower rates or credits in exchange for the flexibility.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "inverted-file-index-ivf", "term": "Inverted File Index (IVF)", "slug": "inverted-file-index-ivf", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/inverted-file-index-ivf/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An ANN index that clusters vectors into cells with a coarse quantizer, then searches only the few cells nearest the query (nprobe).", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "inverter", "term": "Inverter", "slug": "inverter", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/inverter/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A power-electronics device that converts DC into grid-synchronized AC, the discharge path for batteries and solar at a mining site.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ip-reporter", "term": "IP Reporter", "slug": "ip-reporter", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ip-reporter/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A Bitmain utility that reveals an Antminer's IP address when you press the control-board's report button, no network scan needed.", "word_count": 226, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ism-band", "term": "ISM Band", "slug": "ism-band", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ism-band/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Internationally reserved license-free radio spectrum (e.g. 915 MHz, 868 MHz, 2.4 GHz) usable without an individual operating license.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "iterative-dpo", "term": "Iterative DPO", "slug": "iterative-dpo", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/iterative-dpo/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Running direct preference optimization in repeated rounds, regenerating preference data from the latest model each time to reduce distribution shift.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "joules-per-terahash", "term": "J/TH (Joules per Terahash)", "slug": "joules-per-terahash", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/joules-per-terahash/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The standard efficiency metric for Bitcoin miners: watts divided by hashrate. Lower J/TH means less electricity per unit of work.", "word_count": 210, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "jailbreak-llm", "term": "Jailbreak (LLM)", "slug": "jailbreak-llm", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/jailbreak-llm/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An adversarial prompt that bypasses a large language model's safety guardrails to elicit restricted or unaligned output.", "word_count": 265, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "jamba", "term": "Jamba", "slug": "jamba", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/jamba/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An open-weight hybrid language model that interleaves Mamba state-space layers, transformer attention, and mixture-of-experts for long-context efficiency.", "word_count": 303, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "jan-app", "term": "Jan (app)", "slug": "jan-app", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/jan-app/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An open-source, Apache-2.0 desktop app that runs LLMs 100% offline as a private ChatGPT alternative with a local API.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "jit-channel", "term": "JIT Channel (Just-In-Time)", "slug": "jit-channel", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/jit-channel/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Lightning channel a service provider opens at the exact moment an inbound payment arrives, so a new user can receive instantly.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "job-declaration-protocol", "term": "Job Declaration Protocol", "slug": "job-declaration-protocol", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/job-declaration-protocol/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Stratum V2 sub-protocol that lets a miner declare its own block template and transaction set instead of accepting the pool's.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "stratum-v2-job-declaration-protocol", "term": "Job Declaration Protocol (Stratum V2)", "slug": "stratum-v2-job-declaration-protocol", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/stratum-v2-job-declaration-protocol/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The Stratum V2 sub-protocol that lets a miner declare its own block template to a pool instead of accepting pool-chosen transactions.", "word_count": 322, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "job-declarator", "term": "Job Declarator", "slug": "job-declarator", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/job-declarator/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The Stratum V2 client/server pair (JDC and JDS) that negotiates a miner's custom block template with a pool so the miner's chosen transactions are honoured.", "word_count": 244, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "joinmarket", "term": "JoinMarket", "slug": "joinmarket", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/joinmarket/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A non-custodial Bitcoin CoinJoin system with a maker-taker fee market, paying liquidity providers to mix coins on demand.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "json-mode", "term": "JSON Mode", "slug": "json-mode", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/json-mode/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A decoding setting that constrains a model to emit syntactically valid JSON; stricter schema-bound variants guarantee field types too.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "jtag", "term": "JTAG (Joint Test Action Group)", "slug": "jtag", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/jtag/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A standardized debug and boundary-scan interface (IEEE 1149.1) used to probe, halt, and reprogram processors on ASIC control boards.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "k-quants", "term": "K-quants (llama.cpp)", "slug": "k-quants", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/k-quants/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A llama.cpp quantization family using super-blocks and mixed bit-widths to store sensitive weights at higher precision.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "kali-linux", "term": "Kali Linux", "slug": "kali-linux", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/kali-linux/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Debian-based distribution maintained by OffSec that bundles hundreds of penetration-testing and security-auditing tools for authorized assessment work.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "kernel-log", "term": "Kernel Log", "slug": "kernel-log", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/kernel-log/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "The detailed boot-and-runtime diagnostic log on an ASIC miner showing per-chain ASIC counts, temperatures and hardware errors.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "key-ceremony", "term": "Key Ceremony", "slug": "key-ceremony", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/key-ceremony/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A deliberate, often air-gapped procedure for generating and distributing keys with witnesses and verifiable steps to ensure trust.", "word_count": 312, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "key-path-vs-script-path-spend", "term": "Key Path vs Script Path Spend", "slug": "key-path-vs-script-path-spend", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/key-path-vs-script-path-spend/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The two ways to spend a Taproot output: a single key signature, or revealing a committed script with a Merkle proof.", "word_count": 245, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "keyoxide", "term": "Keyoxide", "slug": "keyoxide", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/keyoxide/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An open tool for creating decentralized, cryptographically verified identity proofs that link your online accounts without a central authority.", "word_count": 242, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "keysend", "term": "Keysend", "slug": "keysend", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/keysend/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Lightning feature for spontaneous payments sent directly to a node's public key, with no invoice requested in advance.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "kl-penalty-kl-divergence", "term": "KL Penalty (KL Divergence)", "slug": "kl-penalty-kl-divergence", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/kl-penalty-kl-divergence/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A regularization term in RLHF that measures how far the trained policy drifts from its reference model and penalizes it, keeping outputs coherent.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "knowledge-distillation", "term": "Knowledge Distillation", "slug": "knowledge-distillation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/knowledge-distillation/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Training a small 'student' model to mimic a large 'teacher' model's outputs, compressing capability into a model you can self-host.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "knowledge-graph", "term": "Knowledge Graph", "slug": "knowledge-graph", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/knowledge-graph/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A structured data model representing entities as nodes and their relationships as edges, often as subject-predicate-object triples.", "word_count": 293, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "koboldcpp", "term": "KoboldCpp", "slug": "koboldcpp", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/koboldcpp/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A single-file, zero-install local AI tool built on llama.cpp that runs GGUF models with a bundled UI and APIs.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "krux", "term": "Krux", "slug": "krux", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/krux/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Open-source signing-device firmware that turns off-the-shelf Kendryte K210 boards into air-gapped Bitcoin signers using QR codes or microSD.", "word_count": 216, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "kto-kahneman-tversky-optimization", "term": "KTO (Kahneman-Tversky Optimization)", "slug": "kto-kahneman-tversky-optimization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/kto-kahneman-tversky-optimization/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An LLM alignment method that learns from single good/bad labels using a prospect-theory utility model, instead of paired preferences.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "kv-cache", "term": "KV Cache (Key-Value Cache)", "slug": "kv-cache", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/kv-cache/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Memory that stores attention keys and values from prior tokens so an LLM avoids recomputing them on every generated token.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "kv-cache-quantization", "term": "KV Cache Quantization", "slug": "kv-cache-quantization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/kv-cache-quantization/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Storing the cached attention keys and values at low bit-width (int8, int4, int2) to shrink the memory that long contexts consume during inference.", "word_count": 283, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "kva-apparent-power", "term": "kVA (Apparent Power)", "slug": "kva-apparent-power", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/kva-apparent-power/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Apparent power in kilovolt-amperes: the vector sum of real power (kW) and reactive power (kVAR) an AC load draws from the grid.", "word_count": 262, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "kvar-reactive-power", "term": "kVAR (Reactive Power)", "slug": "kvar-reactive-power", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/kvar-reactive-power/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Reactive power in kilovolt-amperes reactive: AC power that does no work but sustains the fields in inductive and capacitive loads.", "word_count": 284, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "kyc-know-your-customer", "term": "KYC (Know Your Customer)", "slug": "kyc-know-your-customer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/kyc-know-your-customer/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Identity-verification process regulated exchanges run before onboarding users, mandated by AML rules to confirm who controls an account.", "word_count": 308, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "kzg-polynomial-commitment", "term": "KZG Polynomial Commitment", "slug": "kzg-polynomial-commitment", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/kzg-polynomial-commitment/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A pairing-based commitment (Kate-Zaverucha-Goldberg) giving constant-size commitments and single-element evaluation proofs, used in Ethereum data blobs.", "word_count": 232, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "landfill-gas-mining", "term": "Landfill Gas Mining", "slug": "landfill-gas-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/landfill-gas-mining/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Mining Bitcoin with electricity generated from captured landfill or biogas methane, converting waste emissions into on-site power.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "langchain", "term": "LangChain", "slug": "langchain", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/langchain/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Open-source framework for building LLM applications and agents with model-agnostic, swappable provider interfaces.", "word_count": 243, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "langgraph", "term": "LangGraph", "slug": "langgraph", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/langgraph/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An open-source orchestration framework from LangChain for building stateful, cyclic AI agent workflows as graphs of nodes and edges.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "laser-eyes", "term": "Laser Eyes", "slug": "laser-eyes", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/laser-eyes/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A 2021 Bitcoin social-media meme of adding glowing eyes to profile photos, signaling enthusiasm and commitment to the network.", "word_count": 231, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "latch-up", "term": "Latch-Up", "slug": "latch-up", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/latch-up/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A destructive low-impedance short between power and ground in CMOS, caused by a parasitic PNPN thyristor latching on until the chip is power-cycled or fried.", "word_count": 303, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "late-interaction-colbert", "term": "Late Interaction (ColBERT)", "slug": "late-interaction-colbert", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/late-interaction-colbert/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A multi-vector retrieval method that keeps one embedding per token and scores relevance with MaxSim, balancing accuracy and pre-computation.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "latent-space", "term": "Latent Space", "slug": "latent-space", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/latent-space/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A compressed, lower-dimensional space where a neural network encodes the essential, hidden features of its input data.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "law-25-quebec", "term": "Law 25 (Quebec)", "slug": "law-25-quebec", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/law-25-quebec/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Quebec's modernized private-sector privacy law (formerly Bill 64), in force in phases 2022-2024, governing how businesses handle personal information.", "word_count": 341, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "layer-normalization", "term": "Layer Normalization", "slug": "layer-normalization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/layer-normalization/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Normalizes a layer's activations across features to stabilize and speed training of deep Transformers.", "word_count": 244, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lazy-consensus", "term": "Lazy Consensus", "slug": "lazy-consensus", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lazy-consensus/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The Bitcoin Core decision model where changes merge only with rough agreement and credible review, never by formal vote.", "word_count": 229, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "leakage-current", "term": "Leakage Current", "slug": "leakage-current", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/leakage-current/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Static current that flows through a transistor even when it is not switching; a growing share of mining-ASIC power at small process nodes.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ledger", "term": "Ledger", "slug": "ledger", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ledger/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Hardware wallet line built around a certified secure element running the proprietary BOLOS OS; device firmware is closed-source while companion apps are open.", "word_count": 242, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lender-of-last-resort", "term": "Lender of Last Resort", "slug": "lender-of-last-resort", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lender-of-last-resort/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A central bank's role of supplying emergency liquidity to solvent institutions during a crisis when no other lender will.", "word_count": 262, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lifted-pad", "term": "Lifted Pad", "slug": "lifted-pad", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lifted-pad/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A copper PCB pad that has peeled away from the board surface, usually from excess heat or mechanical force during rework.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lightning-address", "term": "Lightning Address", "slug": "lightning-address", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lightning-address/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A human-readable user@domain identifier that resolves to a reusable Lightning payment request, defined by LNURL spec LUD-16.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lightning-dev-kit-ldk", "term": "Lightning Dev Kit (LDK)", "slug": "lightning-dev-kit-ldk", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lightning-dev-kit-ldk/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Rust SDK by Spiral that packages Lightning as modular, embeddable components instead of a monolithic node daemon.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lightning-invoice-bolt11", "term": "Lightning Invoice (BOLT11)", "slug": "lightning-invoice-bolt11", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lightning-invoice-bolt11/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A bech32-encoded Lightning payment request encoding a payment hash, amount, expiry, and recipient details so a wallet can pay it.", "word_count": 227, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lightning-network", "term": "Lightning Network", "slug": "lightning-network", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lightning-network/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Layer 2 protocol enabling fast, cheap Bitcoin payments through off-chain payment channels.", "word_count": 193, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "lightning-service-provider", "term": "Lightning Service Provider (LSP)", "slug": "lightning-service-provider", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lightning-service-provider/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A service that supplies inbound liquidity and channel management so users can receive Lightning payments without running infrastructure.", "word_count": 265, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lightning-terminal-litd", "term": "Lightning Terminal (litd)", "slug": "lightning-terminal-litd", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lightning-terminal-litd/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A Lightning Labs application bundling Loop, Pool, Faraday, and LNC for managing LND channel liquidity from a browser.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lindy-effect", "term": "Lindy Effect", "slug": "lindy-effect", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lindy-effect/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The theory that for non-perishable things like technologies, future life expectancy grows with current age — the longer it has lasted, the longer it may last.", "word_count": 282, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "line-of-sight", "term": "Line of Sight", "slug": "line-of-sight", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/line-of-sight/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "An unobstructed propagation path between two radios; for reliable links the elliptical Fresnel zone around it must also stay clear.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "linear-attention", "term": "Linear Attention", "slug": "linear-attention", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/linear-attention/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An attention variant that replaces softmax with kernel feature maps, cutting cost from quadratic to linear in sequence length via matrix associativity.", "word_count": 305, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "link-budget", "term": "Link Budget", "slug": "link-budget", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/link-budget/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Accounting of all gains and losses on a radio path to predict received power and confirm a link will close.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "linux-distribution", "term": "Linux distribution", "slug": "linux-distribution", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/linux-distribution/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A complete operating system packaging the Linux kernel with userland tools, a package manager, and configuration into an installable, usable whole.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "liquid-network", "term": "Liquid Network", "slug": "liquid-network", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/liquid-network/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A live Bitcoin sidechain run by a federation, offering fast settlement, confidential transactions, and issuance of assets like L-BTC.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "liquidity", "term": "Liquidity", "slug": "liquidity", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/liquidity/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The ease with which an asset can be bought or sold without significantly moving its price; deep liquidity absorbs large orders with little impact.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "liquidity-ads", "term": "Liquidity Ads", "slug": "liquidity-ads", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/liquidity-ads/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A decentralized Lightning marketplace where nodes advertise over gossip their willingness to sell channel liquidity via dual-funded opens.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "llama-cpp", "term": "llama.cpp", "slug": "llama-cpp", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/llama-cpp/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Open-source C/C++ library for running large language models locally on consumer hardware with minimal dependencies.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "llc-resonant-converter", "term": "LLC Resonant Converter", "slug": "llc-resonant-converter", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/llc-resonant-converter/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A soft-switching DC-DC topology using a resonant tank (Lr, Lm, Cr) to convert the high-voltage PFC rail down efficiently at high frequency.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lm-studio", "term": "LM Studio", "slug": "lm-studio", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lm-studio/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Desktop application for downloading and running local LLMs with a chat GUI and OpenAI-compatible API server.", "word_count": 240, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lnd-lightning-network-daemon", "term": "LND (Lightning Network Daemon)", "slug": "lnd-lightning-network-daemon", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lnd-lightning-network-daemon/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Go implementation of a full Lightning Network node by Lightning Labs, exposing gRPC and REST APIs for building payment applications.", "word_count": 302, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lnurl", "term": "LNURL", "slug": "lnurl", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lnurl/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A set of bech32-encoded URL standards that let Lightning wallets complete pay, withdraw, auth, and channel flows from a single QR or link.", "word_count": 244, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lnurl-auth", "term": "LNURL-auth", "slug": "lnurl-auth", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lnurl-auth/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An LNURL subprotocol (LUD-04) for password-free login: a wallet signs a server challenge with a domain-specific key derived from its seed.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "load-balancer", "term": "Load Balancer", "slug": "load-balancer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/load-balancer/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A system that distributes incoming traffic across multiple backend servers, using health checks to keep a service fast and available.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "load-factor", "term": "Load Factor", "slug": "load-factor", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/load-factor/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "The ratio of a site's average power demand to its peak demand over a period; high load factor means steady, efficient grid use.", "word_count": 241, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "load-following", "term": "Load Following", "slug": "load-following", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/load-following/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Adjusting generation up and down over minutes to hours to track the predictable daily rise and fall of electricity demand.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "local-llm", "term": "Local LLM", "slug": "local-llm", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/local-llm/", "category": "", "definition": "A Local LLM is a large language model running entirely on hardware you own — no internet required, no data sent to a cloud provider, inference stays private.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "locktime-nlocktime", "term": "Locktime (nLockTime)", "slug": "locktime-nlocktime", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/locktime-nlocktime/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A transaction-level field that prevents a Bitcoin transaction from being mined until a given block height or Unix time is reached.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "logic-analyzer", "term": "Logic Analyzer", "slug": "logic-analyzer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/logic-analyzer/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A bench instrument that captures and decodes many digital signals at once, used to diagnose buses and timing faults on miner control boards.", "word_count": 245, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "logit-bias", "term": "Logit Bias", "slug": "logit-bias", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/logit-bias/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A fixed adjustment added to specific tokens' logits before sampling, to forcibly boost or suppress those tokens in the output.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "long-context-window", "term": "Long Context Window", "slug": "long-context-window", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/long-context-window/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A model context window large enough to hold tens of thousands to millions of tokens, enabling whole documents or codebases in one prompt.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "longest-chain-rule", "term": "Longest Chain Rule", "slug": "longest-chain-rule", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/longest-chain-rule/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Nodes accept the chain with the most proof of work as the valid blockchain. Resolves competing chains.", "word_count": 213, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "lookahead-decoding", "term": "Lookahead Decoding", "slug": "lookahead-decoding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lookahead-decoding/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An exact parallel decoding algorithm that uses Jacobi iteration to extract and verify n-grams directly, with no separate draft model needed.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lora", "term": "LoRa", "slug": "lora", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lora/", "category": "", "definition": "LoRa (Long Range) is a chirp-spread-spectrum radio modulation for low-power, long-distance data links — the physical layer behind Meshtastic and LoRaWAN.", "word_count": 304, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lora-low-rank-adaptation", "term": "LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation)", "slug": "lora-low-rank-adaptation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lora-low-rank-adaptation/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A fine-tuning method that freezes a model's weights and trains small low-rank matrices instead, cutting cost dramatically.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lora-alpha", "term": "LoRA Alpha", "slug": "lora-alpha", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lora-alpha/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A LoRA scaling hyperparameter; the low-rank update is multiplied by alpha divided by rank, controlling how strongly the adapter affects the base model.", "word_count": 252, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lora-rank", "term": "LoRA Rank", "slug": "lora-rank", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lora-rank/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The hyperparameter r in LoRA setting the inner dimension of the low-rank update matrices, trading capacity against trainable parameters and memory.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lorawan", "term": "LoRaWAN", "slug": "lorawan", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lorawan/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Open MAC-layer networking protocol built on LoRa radios, defining how end devices, gateways, and servers exchange low-power packets.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "loss-scaling", "term": "Loss Scaling", "slug": "loss-scaling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/loss-scaling/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Multiplying the loss before backprop so small gradients stay representable in low-precision formats, then dividing back out before the weight update.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lost-in-the-middle", "term": "Lost in the Middle", "slug": "lost-in-the-middle", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lost-in-the-middle/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The tendency of language models to use information best at the start and end of a long context and to overlook facts placed in the middle.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "lottery-mining", "term": "Lottery Mining", "slug": "lottery-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/lottery-mining/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "Solo mining with low odds but full block reward potential. The thrill of the possibility, every hash counts.", "word_count": 205, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "low-dropout-regulator", "term": "Low-Dropout Regulator (LDO)", "slug": "low-dropout-regulator", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/low-dropout-regulator/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A linear regulator that produces a clean, low-noise voltage rail from a slightly higher input; favored where switching noise is unacceptable.", "word_count": 252, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "luxor-mining-pool", "term": "Luxor Mining Pool", "slug": "luxor-mining-pool", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/luxor-mining-pool/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A U.S.-based Bitcoin mining pool run by Luxor Technology, using FPPS payouts and known for its Hashrate Index market data.", "word_count": 213, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mac-address", "term": "MAC Address", "slug": "mac-address", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mac-address/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A 48-bit hardware identifier assigned to a network interface, used to deliver frames within a local network segment at Layer 2.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "man-in-the-middle-attack", "term": "Man-in-the-Middle Attack", "slug": "man-in-the-middle-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/man-in-the-middle-attack/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "An attacker secretly relays or alters traffic between two parties who believe they connect directly — often via BGP route hijacking on Bitcoin.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "market-capitalization", "term": "Market Capitalization", "slug": "market-capitalization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/market-capitalization/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The total market value of a cryptocurrency, calculated by multiplying its current price by its circulating supply.", "word_count": 251, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mask-set", "term": "Mask Set", "slug": "mask-set", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mask-set/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The full collection of photomasks (one or more per chip layer) used to pattern a design onto wafers; a costly, design-specific tooling investment.", "word_count": 220, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "masked-language-modeling", "term": "Masked Language Modeling", "slug": "masked-language-modeling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/masked-language-modeling/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A self-supervised pretraining task where a model predicts deliberately hidden tokens using both left and right context, yielding bidirectional understanding.", "word_count": 234, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "merkelized-alternative-script-tree-mast", "term": "MAST (Merkelized Alternative Script Tree)", "slug": "merkelized-alternative-script-tree-mast", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/merkelized-alternative-script-tree-mast/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Taproot structure (BIP341) that commits many spending scripts to one Merkle root, revealing only the branch actually used when spending.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "master-weights", "term": "Master Weights", "slug": "master-weights", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/master-weights/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An FP32 copy of model weights kept during low-precision training and updated by the optimizer, so tiny updates aren't lost to rounding.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "matryoshka-embedding", "term": "Matryoshka Embedding", "slug": "matryoshka-embedding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/matryoshka-embedding/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An embedding trained so the leading dimensions form a usable, lower-fidelity vector, letting you truncate the vector without retraining.", "word_count": 301, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mcp-model-context-protocol", "term": "MCP (Model Context Protocol)", "slug": "mcp-model-context-protocol", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mcp-model-context-protocol/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An open standard that lets AI applications connect to external tools and data sources through a uniform client-server interface.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "median-time-past-mtp", "term": "Median Time Past (MTP)", "slug": "median-time-past-mtp", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/median-time-past-mtp/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The median timestamp of the last 11 blocks, used as the chain's reference time for time-based locktime checks (BIP 113).", "word_count": 245, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "medium-of-exchange", "term": "Medium of Exchange", "slug": "medium-of-exchange", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/medium-of-exchange/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "One of the core functions of money: an item widely accepted as payment for goods and services, eliminating the need for barter.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "medusa-decoding", "term": "Medusa Decoding", "slug": "medusa-decoding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/medusa-decoding/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Inference acceleration that bolts extra prediction heads onto a model to draft several future tokens at once, verified via tree attention.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "meek-transport", "term": "Meek (Transport)", "slug": "meek-transport", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/meek-transport/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A pluggable transport that tunnels blocked traffic through a high-value web platform using domain fronting so it looks like ordinary HTTPS.", "word_count": 239, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "megawatt", "term": "Megawatt (MW)", "slug": "megawatt", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/megawatt/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A unit of power equal to one million watts (1,000 kW); the standard way to size a mining facility's electrical capacity.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "membership-inference-attack", "term": "Membership Inference Attack", "slug": "membership-inference-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/membership-inference-attack/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An attack that determines whether a specific data record was part of a model's training set, leaking private information about individuals.", "word_count": 265, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "memory-bandwidth", "term": "Memory Bandwidth", "slug": "memory-bandwidth", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/memory-bandwidth/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The rate, in GB/s, at which a GPU moves data to and from its memory; often the real bottleneck in AI inference, not compute.", "word_count": 200, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "memory-wall", "term": "Memory Wall", "slug": "memory-wall", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/memory-wall/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The widening gap between fast processors and slower memory bandwidth/latency, which increasingly bottlenecks AI inference more than raw compute.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mempool", "term": "Mempool", "slug": "mempool", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mempool/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The waiting area for unconfirmed transactions. Miners pick transactions from here to include in blocks.", "word_count": 202, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "mempool-eviction", "term": "Mempool Eviction", "slug": "mempool-eviction", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mempool-eviction/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "When a node's mempool hits its size cap it evicts the lowest-feerate transactions and raises its minimum relay fee — the mechanism that makes the mempool a true fee market under load.", "word_count": 281, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mempool-minimum-fee", "term": "Mempool Minimum Fee", "slug": "mempool-minimum-fee", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mempool-minimum-fee/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The dynamic feerate floor a transaction must pay to enter a node's mempool; it rises above the relay minimum when the mempool fills.", "word_count": 245, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mempool-persistence", "term": "Mempool Persistence", "slug": "mempool-persistence", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mempool-persistence/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin Core's saving of unconfirmed transactions to mempool.dat on shutdown so the mempool survives a node restart.", "word_count": 244, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mempool-policy", "term": "Mempool Policy", "slug": "mempool-policy", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mempool-policy/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The local, configurable rules each Bitcoin node uses to decide which unconfirmed transactions to accept, store, and relay — distinct from consensus.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mempool-space-self-hosted-explorer", "term": "mempool.space (Self-Hosted Explorer)", "slug": "mempool-space-self-hosted-explorer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mempool-space-self-hosted-explorer/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An open-source Bitcoin block explorer and mempool visualizer that can be self-hosted against your own node for private chain lookups.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "merged-mining", "term": "Merged Mining (AuxPoW)", "slug": "merged-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/merged-mining/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Mining two or more chains at once with the same proof-of-work, letting a parent chain secure a child via auxiliary PoW.", "word_count": 251, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "merkle-proof", "term": "Merkle Proof", "slug": "merkle-proof", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/merkle-proof/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A short list of hashes (also called an inclusion proof) that proves a transaction belongs to a block without downloading the whole block.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "merkle-root", "term": "Merkle Root", "slug": "merkle-root", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/merkle-root/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "A hash summarizing all transactions in a block using a tree structure for efficient verification.", "word_count": 182, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "merkleize-all-the-things-matt", "term": "Merkleize All The Things (MATT)", "slug": "merkleize-all-the-things-matt", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/merkleize-all-the-things-matt/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Experimental Bitcoin smart-contract approach using covenants and Merkle trees to enable general contracts via a few simple opcodes.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mesh-routing", "term": "Mesh Routing", "slug": "mesh-routing", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mesh-routing/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Forwarding messages hop-by-hop through peer nodes so a network self-heals and extends beyond any single radio's direct range.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mesh-vpn", "term": "Mesh VPN (Overlay Network)", "slug": "mesh-vpn", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mesh-vpn/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An encrypted overlay where every node connects peer-to-peer rather than through a hub, coordinated by a control plane that distributes keys and endpoints.", "word_count": 291, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "meshtastic", "term": "Meshtastic", "slug": "meshtastic", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/meshtastic/", "category": "", "definition": "Meshtastic is an open-source LoRa mesh radio platform for off-grid, encrypted text messaging across a peer-to-peer node network — no internet required.", "word_count": 284, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "meta-prompting", "term": "Meta-Prompting", "slug": "meta-prompting", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/meta-prompting/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Using a language model to write, refine, or evaluate prompts for another model, automating part of the prompt-engineering process.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "metadata", "term": "Metadata", "slug": "metadata", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/metadata/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Data about data, the who, when, where, and how of an activity rather than its content, and often more revealing than the content itself.", "word_count": 297, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "metadata-resistant-messaging", "term": "Metadata-Resistant Messaging", "slug": "metadata-resistant-messaging", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/metadata-resistant-messaging/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Messaging designed to hide communication metadata, who talks to whom, when, and how often, not just message content.", "word_count": 298, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "metcalfes-law", "term": "Metcalfe’s Law", "slug": "metcalfes-law", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/metcalfes-law/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A model stating a network's value is proportional to the square of its connected users, often applied to Bitcoin adoption analysis.", "word_count": 295, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "methane-mitigation", "term": "Methane Mitigation", "slug": "methane-mitigation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/methane-mitigation/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Reducing methane emissions by combusting waste gas in an engine instead of venting or flaring it, often paired with Bitcoin mining.", "word_count": 280, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mica-markets-in-crypto-assets", "term": "MiCA (Markets in Crypto-Assets)", "slug": "mica-markets-in-crypto-assets", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mica-markets-in-crypto-assets/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The EU regulation creating a uniform licensing and conduct framework for crypto-asset issuers and service providers across member states.", "word_count": 281, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "microcontroller-mcu", "term": "Microcontroller (MCU)", "slug": "microcontroller-mcu", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/microcontroller-mcu/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "A single-chip computer with CPU, memory, and I/O on board; powers Bitaxe-class open-source miners and on-board housekeeping roles.", "word_count": 230, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "microgrid", "term": "Microgrid", "slug": "microgrid", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/microgrid/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A self-contained local power network with defined boundaries that can run connected to the main grid or independently in island mode.", "word_count": 284, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "miner-capitulation", "term": "Miner Capitulation", "slug": "miner-capitulation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/miner-capitulation/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The phase when unprofitable miners switch off machines and sell reserves after price falls below their production cost.", "word_count": 292, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "miner-web-ui", "term": "Miner Web UI", "slug": "miner-web-ui", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/miner-web-ui/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "The browser-based control panel served by an ASIC miner for setting pools, viewing hashrate, and managing firmware.", "word_count": 232, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "masf", "term": "Miner-Activated Soft Fork (MASF)", "slug": "masf", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/masf/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A soft fork that activates once a supermajority of mined blocks signal readiness, typically 95% within a retarget window.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mining", "term": "Mining", "slug": "mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mining/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "Using specialized hardware to validate Bitcoin transactions and earn block rewards by solving cryptographic puzzles.", "word_count": 199, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "mining-as-business-income-canada", "term": "Mining as Business Income (Canada)", "slug": "mining-as-business-income-canada", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mining-as-business-income-canada/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "When Bitcoin mining is run commercially for profit, the CRA treats mined coins' value at receipt as fully taxable business income.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mining-job", "term": "Mining Job (Stratum)", "slug": "mining-job", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mining-job/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The unit of work a pool pushes to miners over Stratum, containing the header fields and coinbase parts a machine needs to start hashing.", "word_count": 251, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mining-pool", "term": "Mining Pool", "slug": "mining-pool", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mining-pool/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "A group of miners who combine computing power and share block rewards proportionally.", "word_count": 186, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "mining-pool-decentralization", "term": "Mining Pool Decentralization", "slug": "mining-pool-decentralization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mining-pool-decentralization/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The concern that a few pool operators control block construction, and the protocols (Stratum V2, DATUM) that return template-building to miners.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mining-pool-fee", "term": "Mining Pool Fee", "slug": "mining-pool-fee", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mining-pool-fee/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The percentage a mining pool deducts from rewards to cover operations and variance risk, typically 0–4% depending on the payout scheme.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mining-profitability", "term": "Mining Profitability", "slug": "mining-profitability", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mining-profitability/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Net financial return from mining after subtracting electricity and other costs from Bitcoin earned.", "word_count": 211, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "mining-variance", "term": "Mining Variance", "slug": "mining-variance", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mining-variance/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The natural randomness in how often mining finds blocks; high for solo and small miners, smoothed out by pooling many hashrates.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mining-as-a-service", "term": "Mining-as-a-Service (MaaS)", "slug": "mining-as-a-service", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mining-as-a-service/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A managed model where a provider runs all mining operations and the customer simply funds it and collects payouts, spanning hosted and cloud arrangements.", "word_count": 283, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "miniscript", "term": "Miniscript", "slug": "miniscript", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/miniscript/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A structured language for writing a subset of Bitcoin Script that can be analyzed, composed, and signed for generically and safely.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "minisign-signify", "term": "minisign / signify", "slug": "minisign-signify", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/minisign-signify/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Tiny Ed25519 signing tools for verifying software releases; signify ships with OpenBSD and minisign is its portable, compatible cousin.", "word_count": 243, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mit-license", "term": "MIT License", "slug": "mit-license", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mit-license/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "A short, highly permissive open-source license that allows almost any use provided the copyright notice and license text are preserved.", "word_count": 223, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mixnet", "term": "Mixnet (Mix Network)", "slug": "mixnet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mixnet/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An anonymity network that batches, reorders, and delays messages across layered relays to break the link between sender and recipient.", "word_count": 292, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mixture-of-depths", "term": "Mixture of Depths", "slug": "mixture-of-depths", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mixture-of-depths/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A transformer technique that routes only the most relevant tokens through each layer's heavy computation, dynamically allocating compute per token.", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mixture-of-experts", "term": "Mixture of Experts (MoE)", "slug": "mixture-of-experts", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mixture-of-experts/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An LLM architecture that routes each token to a few specialized sub-networks, so only a fraction of the model runs per token.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mixture-of-tokens", "term": "Mixture of Tokens", "slug": "mixture-of-tokens", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mixture-of-tokens/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A continuous, fully differentiable Transformer architecture that mixes tokens before experts, offering a stable alternative to Mixture of Experts.", "word_count": 312, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mlc-llm", "term": "MLC-LLM", "slug": "mlc-llm", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mlc-llm/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A universal LLM deployment engine that compiles models with Apache TVM to run natively across GPUs, phones, and browsers.", "word_count": 265, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mlops", "term": "MLOps", "slug": "mlops", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mlops/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Machine Learning Operations: the discipline of deploying, monitoring, and maintaining ML models in production reliably and repeatably.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mmlu-massive-multitask-language-understanding", "term": "MMLU (Massive Multitask Language Understanding)", "slug": "mmlu-massive-multitask-language-understanding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mmlu-massive-multitask-language-understanding/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A 57-subject multiple-choice benchmark testing the breadth of factual and reasoning knowledge in large language models.", "word_count": 331, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "modality-projector", "term": "Modality Projector (Connector)", "slug": "modality-projector", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/modality-projector/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The small trainable module that maps a vision encoder's image features into the language model's text-token embedding space.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mode-collapse-llm", "term": "Mode Collapse (LLM)", "slug": "mode-collapse-llm", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mode-collapse-llm/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A loss of output diversity in which an aligned model produces narrow, stereotyped responses regardless of how the prompt varies.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "model-backdoor-trojan", "term": "Model Backdoor / Trojan", "slug": "model-backdoor-trojan", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/model-backdoor-trojan/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A hidden behavior planted in a model during training so it acts normally until a secret trigger appears, then outputs the attacker's choice.", "word_count": 297, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "model-card", "term": "Model Card", "slug": "model-card", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/model-card/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A short structured document describing an AI model's intended use, performance, limitations, and known risks.", "word_count": 229, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "model-checkpoint", "term": "Model Checkpoint", "slug": "model-checkpoint", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/model-checkpoint/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A saved snapshot of a model's state during training, used to resume, recover, or deploy that exact version.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "model-collapse", "term": "Model Collapse", "slug": "model-collapse", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/model-collapse/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Progressive degradation of a generative model trained recursively on its own or other AI output, losing diversity and accuracy.", "word_count": 239, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "model-distillation", "term": "Model Distillation", "slug": "model-distillation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/model-distillation/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Training a smaller student model to imitate a larger teacher model, retaining much of its capability at lower cost and size.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "model-extraction-stealing", "term": "Model Extraction / Stealing", "slug": "model-extraction-stealing", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/model-extraction-stealing/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Recreating a proprietary model by repeatedly querying it and training a substitute that mimics its behavior and decision boundaries.", "word_count": 290, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "model-flops-utilization-mfu", "term": "Model FLOPs Utilization (MFU)", "slug": "model-flops-utilization-mfu", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/model-flops-utilization-mfu/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The ratio of a model's useful FLOPs throughput to the hardware's theoretical peak FLOPS — a hardware-agnostic efficiency score for AI workloads.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "model-inversion-attack", "term": "Model Inversion Attack", "slug": "model-inversion-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/model-inversion-attack/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An attack that reconstructs features of a model's private training data by analyzing the model's outputs and confidence scores.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "model-monitoring", "term": "Model Monitoring", "slug": "model-monitoring", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/model-monitoring/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Continuously observing a deployed model's performance, latency, and inputs to catch degradation, drift, or failures in production.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "model-registry", "term": "Model Registry", "slug": "model-registry", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/model-registry/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A centralized, versioned repository for trained ML models and their metadata, managing the lifecycle from staging to production.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "model-serving", "term": "Model Serving", "slug": "model-serving", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/model-serving/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The infrastructure that hosts a trained ML model and answers prediction requests, optimized for latency, throughput, and reliability.", "word_count": 252, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "modular-arithmetic", "term": "Modular Arithmetic", "slug": "modular-arithmetic", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/modular-arithmetic/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Arithmetic where numbers wrap around at a fixed modulus, like a clock — the foundation of finite fields and all elliptic-curve math.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "moores-law", "term": "Moore’s Law", "slug": "moores-law", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/moores-law/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Gordon Moore's 1965 observation that the number of transistors on a chip doubles roughly every two years.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mosfet", "term": "MOSFET (Power Switching Transistor)", "slug": "mosfet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mosfet/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A voltage-controlled switching transistor that handles the heavy current in DC-DC converters, the workhorse of every ASIC power stage.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mpc-wallet", "term": "MPC Wallet", "slug": "mpc-wallet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mpc-wallet/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A wallet that uses multi-party computation so several parties co-sign transactions without any single private key ever existing.", "word_count": 284, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mt-bench", "term": "MT-Bench", "slug": "mt-bench", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mt-bench/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A multi-turn benchmark of 80 expert questions scored by a strong LLM acting as judge, introduced with Chatbot Arena.", "word_count": 295, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mt-gox", "term": "Mt. Gox", "slug": "mt-gox", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mt-gox/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The Tokyo-based Bitcoin exchange that collapsed in 2014 after losing roughly 850,000 BTC, a landmark lesson in self-custody.", "word_count": 243, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "multi-agent-system", "term": "Multi-Agent System", "slug": "multi-agent-system", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/multi-agent-system/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A design where multiple specialized LLM agents collaborate, delegate, and hand off subtasks to solve a problem no single agent handles well alone.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "multi-head-latent-attention", "term": "Multi-Head Latent Attention (MLA)", "slug": "multi-head-latent-attention", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/multi-head-latent-attention/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An attention design from DeepSeek that compresses keys and values into a small shared latent vector, cutting KV cache size several-fold.", "word_count": 322, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "multi-path-payments", "term": "Multi-Path Payments (MPP)", "slug": "multi-path-payments", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/multi-path-payments/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Lightning technique that splits one payment into several smaller shards routed over multiple channels and reassembled at the recipient.", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "multi-patterning", "term": "Multi-Patterning", "slug": "multi-patterning", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/multi-patterning/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A set of techniques that split one circuit layer into several exposures or spacer steps to print features finer than a single exposure allows.", "word_count": 265, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "multi-query-attention", "term": "Multi-Query Attention (MQA)", "slug": "multi-query-attention", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/multi-query-attention/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An attention variant where all query heads share a single key/value head, shrinking the KV cache and speeding up memory-bound decoding.", "word_count": 304, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "multimeter", "term": "Multimeter", "slug": "multimeter", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/multimeter/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A handheld instrument measuring voltage, resistance, continuity and diode-drop — the single most-used tool in ASIC hashboard diagnosis.", "word_count": 241, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "multimodal-ai-model", "term": "Multimodal AI Model", "slug": "multimodal-ai-model", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/multimodal-ai-model/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An AI system that processes and integrates multiple data types — such as text, images, audio, and video — to produce context-aware outputs.", "word_count": 294, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "multimodal-alignment", "term": "Multimodal Alignment", "slug": "multimodal-alignment", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/multimodal-alignment/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Training different modalities into a shared embedding space so matching items (like an image and its caption) land near each other.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "multimodal-model", "term": "Multimodal Model", "slug": "multimodal-model", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/multimodal-model/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An AI model that understands or generates more than one data type — text, images, audio, video — within a single shared representation.", "word_count": 302, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "multipath-payments-mpp", "term": "Multipath Payments (MPP)", "slug": "multipath-payments-mpp", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/multipath-payments-mpp/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Lightning technique that splits one payment into smaller parts sent across multiple channels, then reassembles them at the receiver.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "multiphase-buck-converter", "term": "Multiphase Buck Converter", "slug": "multiphase-buck-converter", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/multiphase-buck-converter/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Several interleaved buck stages sharing a load, phase-shifted to cancel ripple and deliver the high, low-voltage current ASIC and GPU cores demand.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "multisig", "term": "Multisig", "slug": "multisig", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/multisig/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A Bitcoin wallet that requires multiple keys (m-of-n) to spend, removing the single point of failure of a one-key single-sig wallet.", "word_count": 236, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "musig2-bip327", "term": "MuSig2 (BIP327)", "slug": "musig2-bip327", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/musig2-bip327/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A two-round scheme letting many signers produce one Schnorr signature under one aggregate key, so a Taproot multisig looks like a single signer.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "mvrv-ratio", "term": "MVRV Ratio", "slug": "mvrv-ratio", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/mvrv-ratio/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Market Value to Realized Value: market cap divided by realized cap, showing the aggregate unrealized profit or loss of the supply.", "word_count": 237, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "n-gram-speculation", "term": "N-Gram Speculation", "slug": "n-gram-speculation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/n-gram-speculation/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A draft-model-free speculative decoding method that copies matching n-grams from the prompt or prior output as candidate tokens, verified in one pass.", "word_count": 280, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "n8n", "term": "n8n", "slug": "n8n", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/n8n/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A source-available, self-hostable workflow automation platform with a visual node editor and native AI and LLM capabilities.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nakamoto-consensus", "term": "Nakamoto Consensus", "slug": "nakamoto-consensus", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nakamoto-consensus/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin's consensus model combining proof-of-work block production with the rule that the chain holding the most cumulative work is valid.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nand-flash", "term": "NAND Flash", "slug": "nand-flash", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nand-flash/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Non-volatile memory that stores the bootloader, kernel, and firmware on many ASIC control boards; corrupt writes cause bricked miners.", "word_count": 222, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nccl", "term": "NCCL", "slug": "nccl", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nccl/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "NVIDIA's collective communications library that coordinates fast multi-GPU operations like all-reduce during distributed AI training.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "need-to-know-principle", "term": "Need-to-Know Principle", "slug": "need-to-know-principle", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/need-to-know-principle/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Restricting access to information so each person or system holds only what is required for a legitimate task, and nothing more.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "needle-in-a-haystack", "term": "Needle in a Haystack", "slug": "needle-in-a-haystack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/needle-in-a-haystack/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A long-context evaluation that hides a single fact in a large body of text and checks whether the model can recall it at varying depths.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nema-14-50", "term": "NEMA 14-50 Receptacle", "slug": "nema-14-50", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nema-14-50/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "A 125/250V, 50A four-wire North American outlet (two hots, neutral, ground) common for ranges and EV chargers; feeds multiple miners.", "word_count": 246, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nema-5-15", "term": "NEMA 5-15 Receptacle", "slug": "nema-5-15", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nema-5-15/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "The standard North American grounded household outlet: 125V, 15A, three-prong. Adequate for small miners, not full ASICs.", "word_count": 221, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nema-l6-30", "term": "NEMA L6-30 Receptacle", "slug": "nema-l6-30", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nema-l6-30/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "A twist-lock 250V, 30A North American outlet (two hots + ground, no neutral) widely used to feed single ASIC miners.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nested-segwit-p2sh-p2wpkh", "term": "Nested SegWit (P2SH-P2WPKH)", "slug": "nested-segwit-p2sh-p2wpkh", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nested-segwit-p2sh-p2wpkh/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "SegWit output wrapped inside a P2SH script for backward compatibility; addresses begin with 3.", "word_count": 220, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "network-address-translation-nat", "term": "Network Address Translation (NAT)", "slug": "network-address-translation-nat", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/network-address-translation-nat/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Router technique that maps many private device addresses onto one public IP, conserving addresses but blocking unsolicited inbound connections.", "word_count": 300, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "network-effect", "term": "Network Effect", "slug": "network-effect", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/network-effect/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The phenomenon where a product or network becomes more valuable to each user as more people use it — a core driver of monetary adoption.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "network-hashrate", "term": "Network Hashrate", "slug": "network-hashrate", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/network-hashrate/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The total computing power of all Bitcoin miners combined. Higher network hashrate means more competition.", "word_count": 190, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "nf4", "term": "NF4 (4-bit NormalFloat)", "slug": "nf4", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nf4/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A 4-bit data type that is information-theoretically optimal for normally distributed weights, introduced with QLoRA.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nip", "term": "NIP (Nostr Implementation Possibility)", "slug": "nip", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nip/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A NIP (Nostr Implementation Possibility) is a written specification document that defines how a feature works across Nostr clients and relays.", "word_count": 232, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "nip-05-identifier", "term": "NIP-05 (Nostr Identifier)", "slug": "nip-05-identifier", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nip-05-identifier/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A Nostr standard mapping a public key to a verifiable DNS-based name@domain identifier via a .well-known/nostr.json lookup.", "word_count": 246, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nip-07-browser-signer", "term": "NIP-07 (Browser Signer)", "slug": "nip-07-browser-signer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nip-07-browser-signer/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A Nostr standard exposing window.nostr in the browser so web apps can request signatures without ever seeing the private key.", "word_count": 234, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nip-17-private-direct-messages", "term": "NIP-17 (Private Direct Messages)", "slug": "nip-17-private-direct-messages", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nip-17-private-direct-messages/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Nostr's metadata-private DM standard using kind 14/15 messages wrapped via NIP-44 encryption and NIP-59 gift wrap, replacing leaky NIP-04 DMs.", "word_count": 245, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nip-44-encryption", "term": "NIP-44 (Versioned Encryption)", "slug": "nip-44-encryption", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nip-44-encryption/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Nostr's modern keypair encryption standard using ChaCha20 and HMAC-SHA256, replacing the weaker NIP-04 for encrypting event payloads.", "word_count": 291, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nip-59-gift-wrap", "term": "NIP-59 (Gift Wrap)", "slug": "nip-59-gift-wrap", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nip-59-gift-wrap/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A three-layer Nostr scheme (rumor, seal, gift wrap) that hides message content, author, and recipient metadata using ephemeral keys.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nixos", "term": "NixOS", "slug": "nixos", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nixos/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Linux distribution built on the Nix package manager that defines the whole system declaratively, enabling reproducible builds and atomic rollbacks.", "word_count": 281, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nncp", "term": "NNCP (Node to Node Copy)", "slug": "nncp", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nncp/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A modern UUCP: secure, end-to-end encrypted store-and-forward exchange of files, mail, and commands over online, offline, or air-gapped links.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "no-clean-flux", "term": "No-Clean Flux", "slug": "no-clean-flux", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/no-clean-flux/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A low-residue soldering flux engineered so its leftover residue is benign enough to be left on the board without cleaning.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "no-coiner", "term": "No-Coiner", "slug": "no-coiner", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/no-coiner/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Bitcoin community slang for someone who owns no bitcoin and is skeptical or dismissive of it; tone ranges from neutral to derogatory.", "word_count": 239, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "noctua-fan", "term": "Noctua Fan", "slug": "noctua-fan", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/noctua-fan/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Premium quiet fans used to replace loud stock miner fans, making home mining feasible.", "word_count": 184, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "noise-level-db", "term": "Noise Level (dB)", "slug": "noise-level-db", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/noise-level-db/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Miner sound output in decibels. Stock ASICs are 75-85 dB but can be reduced to under 40 dB for home use.", "word_count": 193, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "stratum-v2-noise-handshake", "term": "Noise Protocol Handshake (Stratum V2)", "slug": "stratum-v2-noise-handshake", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/stratum-v2-noise-handshake/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The Noise_NX handshake Stratum V2 uses to encrypt and authenticate the connection between miner and pool with secp256k1 keys and ChaCha20-Poly1305.", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "noise-reduction", "term": "Noise Reduction", "slug": "noise-reduction", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/noise-reduction/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Techniques to quiet mining hardware for home use: fan swaps, enclosures, immersion, and acoustic insulation.", "word_count": 210, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "nominal-vs-actual-hashrate", "term": "Nominal vs. Actual Hashrate", "slug": "nominal-vs-actual-hashrate", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nominal-vs-actual-hashrate/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The gap between a miner's rated (nameplate) hashrate and the real, sustained rate measured at the pool over time.", "word_count": 304, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nonce", "term": "Nonce", "slug": "nonce", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nonce/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "A number miners change to produce different hash results when searching for a valid block.", "word_count": 176, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "nonce-reuse", "term": "Nonce Reuse", "slug": "nonce-reuse", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nonce-reuse/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A catastrophic signing failure where the same secret nonce is used twice, allowing anyone to algebraically recover the private key.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nonce-space", "term": "Nonce Space", "slug": "nonce-space", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nonce-space/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The total range of header values a miner can vary while searching for a valid hash - the 32-bit nonce plus extranonce and rolled version bits.", "word_count": 251, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nostr", "term": "Nostr", "slug": "nostr", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nostr/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Nostr (Notes and Other Stuff Transmitted by Relays) is an open, censorship-resistant protocol where identity is a cryptographic key, not an account.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nostr-event-kind", "term": "Nostr Event Kind", "slug": "nostr-event-kind", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nostr-event-kind/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An integer in every Nostr event that tells clients and relays how to interpret it; its numeric range also sets relay storage behavior.", "word_count": 243, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nostr-marketplace-nip-15", "term": "Nostr Marketplace (NIP-15)", "slug": "nostr-marketplace-nip-15", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nostr-marketplace-nip-15/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A decentralized e-commerce protocol on Nostr where merchants publish stalls and products as events and customers order over encrypted messages.", "word_count": 282, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nostr-outbox-model", "term": "Nostr Outbox Model (Gossip)", "slug": "nostr-outbox-model", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nostr-outbox-model/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A Nostr relay-discovery strategy (NIP-65) where you publish to your own write relays and readers fetch from there, decentralizing distribution.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nostr-relay", "term": "Nostr Relay", "slug": "nostr-relay", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nostr-relay/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Nostr relay is a lightweight server that stores and forwards signed Nostr messages; users publish to and read from many relays, with no central hub.", "word_count": 236, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nostr-wallet-connect", "term": "Nostr Wallet Connect (NIP-47)", "slug": "nostr-wallet-connect", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nostr-wallet-connect/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A Nostr standard (NIP-47) that lets an app control a remote Lightning wallet through end-to-end encrypted messages over a relay.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nostr-zap", "term": "Nostr Zap (NIP-57)", "slug": "nostr-zap", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nostr-zap/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A Lightning tip on Nostr, defined by NIP-57, where a payment produces a public zap receipt event attributed to a profile or note.", "word_count": 239, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "notification-transaction", "term": "Notification Transaction", "slug": "notification-transaction", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/notification-transaction/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The one-time BIP47 transaction that privately introduces a sender's payment code to a recipient via a blinded OP_RETURN, opening a reusable channel.", "word_count": 281, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "npu-neural-processing-unit", "term": "NPU (Neural Processing Unit)", "slug": "npu-neural-processing-unit", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/npu-neural-processing-unit/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A specialized low-power chip built into phones, laptops and edge devices to run AI inference locally instead of in the cloud.", "word_count": 242, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "npub-nsec", "term": "npub / nsec", "slug": "npub-nsec", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/npub-nsec/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "npub is your public Nostr identity (shareable); nsec is your secret key (never share it). Together they are your self-owned Nostr account.", "word_count": 222, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "nuclear-powered-mining-smr", "term": "Nuclear-Powered Mining (SMR)", "slug": "nuclear-powered-mining-smr", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nuclear-powered-mining-smr/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Mining Bitcoin or running co-located data centers on nuclear electricity, increasingly proposed via factory-built small modular reactors (SMRs).", "word_count": 304, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nvlink", "term": "NVLink", "slug": "nvlink", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nvlink/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "NVIDIA's high-speed direct GPU-to-GPU interconnect that links multiple accelerators far faster than PCIe for large AI models.", "word_count": 208, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "nvt-ratio", "term": "NVT Ratio", "slug": "nvt-ratio", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/nvt-ratio/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Network Value to Transactions: market cap divided by daily on-chain transaction value, often framed as a price-to-earnings analogue.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "obfs4", "term": "obfs4", "slug": "obfs4", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/obfs4/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A randomizing pluggable transport that makes traffic look like uniform random bytes and resists active probing for proxies.", "word_count": 238, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ocean-mining-pool", "term": "OCEAN (Mining Pool)", "slug": "ocean-mining-pool", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ocean-mining-pool/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A non-custodial Bitcoin mining pool launched in 2023 that pays miners directly via coinbase outputs using its TIDES scheme and the DATUM protocol.", "word_count": 226, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "off-grid-compute", "term": "Off-Grid Compute", "slug": "off-grid-compute", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/off-grid-compute/", "category": "", "definition": "Off-grid compute runs computing workloads from locally generated or stored energy — solar, hydro, wind, or batteries — with no dependence on a utility grid.", "word_count": 283, "last_modified": "2026-06-15" }, { "id": "off-grid-mining", "term": "Off-Grid Mining", "slug": "off-grid-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/off-grid-mining/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Running Bitcoin miners on a private power source with no connection to the public grid or wholesale electricity market.", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "oil-filled-transformer", "term": "Oil-Filled Transformer", "slug": "oil-filled-transformer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/oil-filled-transformer/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A transformer immersed in insulating oil that serves as both coolant and dielectric, enabling higher voltage and power but adding fire risk.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bm25-okapi-ranking", "term": "Okapi BM25", "slug": "bm25-okapi-ranking", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bm25-okapi-ranking/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A probabilistic keyword ranking function scoring documents by term frequency, term rarity (IDF) and length normalization; the standard for sparse search.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ollama", "term": "Ollama", "slug": "ollama", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ollama/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Open-source tool that downloads, manages, and serves local LLMs through a simple CLI and REST API.", "word_count": 224, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "on-load-tap-changer", "term": "On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC)", "slug": "on-load-tap-changer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/on-load-tap-changer/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A transformer mechanism that changes winding taps while energized and under load, regulating output voltage without interrupting power.", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "on-premise-ai", "term": "On-Premise AI", "slug": "on-premise-ai", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/on-premise-ai/", "category": "", "definition": "On-Premise AI is AI infrastructure deployed within an organization's own physical facility — servers on-site, data stays in-house, no public cloud dependency.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-15" }, { "id": "one-shot-prompting", "term": "One-Shot Prompting", "slug": "one-shot-prompting", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/one-shot-prompting/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Giving a model exactly one worked example in the prompt to demonstrate the task before it answers the real query.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "onion-service", "term": "Onion Service (.onion)", "slug": "onion-service", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/onion-service/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A service reachable only inside Tor via a self-authenticating .onion address, so traffic never uses an exit node and the server's location stays hidden.", "word_count": 284, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "online-dpo", "term": "Online DPO", "slug": "online-dpo", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/online-dpo/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Direct preference optimization where preference pairs are generated on-policy from the current model during training, rather than from a fixed dataset.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "onnx", "term": "ONNX", "slug": "onnx", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/onnx/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Open standard format for representing machine-learning models portably across frameworks and inference engines.", "word_count": 246, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ontology", "term": "Ontology", "slug": "ontology", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ontology/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A formal model of the types, properties, and rules in a domain that defines how knowledge about it is structured.", "word_count": 282, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "opcode", "term": "Opcode", "slug": "opcode", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/opcode/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A single-byte operation code in Bitcoin Script that performs one defined action on the execution stack, from arithmetic to cryptographic checks.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "open-cycle-gas-turbine-ocgt-peaker", "term": "Open Cycle Gas Turbine (OCGT / Peaker)", "slug": "open-cycle-gas-turbine-ocgt-peaker", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/open-cycle-gas-turbine-ocgt-peaker/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A single gas turbine with no heat recovery; ~33-43% efficient but fast-starting, used for peaking and quick-response on-site power.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "open-source-firmware", "term": "Open-Source Firmware", "slug": "open-source-firmware", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/open-source-firmware/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "Publicly available mining firmware that can be audited, modified, and improved by the community.", "word_count": 198, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "open-source-mining", "term": "Open-Source Mining", "slug": "open-source-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/open-source-mining/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "Mining hardware with publicly available designs. Anyone can build, modify, and improve the hardware.", "word_count": 208, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "open-weight-model", "term": "Open-Weight Model", "slug": "open-weight-model", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/open-weight-model/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An AI model whose trained parameters are published for free download and local use, even if its training data and code stay private.", "word_count": 283, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "operational-amplifier", "term": "Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)", "slug": "operational-amplifier", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/operational-amplifier/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A high-gain differential amplifier used to sense small voltages and drive control loops in power supplies and monitoring circuits.", "word_count": 251, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "operational-intensity", "term": "Operational Intensity", "slug": "operational-intensity", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/operational-intensity/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Operations per byte of DRAM traffic — the roofline model's specific x-axis metric, counting only off-chip memory movement.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "operational-security", "term": "Operational Security (OPSEC)", "slug": "operational-security", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/operational-security/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A systematic process for identifying and protecting the small clues that, when aggregated, could reveal your sensitive activity to an adversary.", "word_count": 313, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "opsec", "term": "OPSEC (Operational Security)", "slug": "opsec", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/opsec/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The practice of identifying which information could expose you and disciplining your behavior so adversaries can't piece together that picture.", "word_count": 290, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "optical-character-recognition", "term": "Optical Character Recognition (OCR)", "slug": "optical-character-recognition", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/optical-character-recognition/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Technology that converts images of typed, handwritten, or printed text into machine-readable, editable text data.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "optimizer-state", "term": "Optimizer State", "slug": "optimizer-state", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/optimizer-state/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Per-parameter values an adaptive optimizer maintains between steps (e.g. Adam's momentum and variance), a major and often dominant memory cost in training.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "op-cat", "term": "OP_CAT", "slug": "op-cat", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/op-cat/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A disabled Bitcoin opcode (BIP-347) that concatenates two stack items; reactivation would enable covenants and richer scripts.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "op-checkcontractverify", "term": "OP_CHECKCONTRACTVERIFY (CCV)", "slug": "op-checkcontractverify", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/op-checkcontractverify/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Proposed Bitcoin opcode (BIP 443) enabling state-carrying UTXOs by committing data to a Taproot key and introspecting it in Script.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "op-checklocktimeverify-cltv", "term": "OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY (CLTV)", "slug": "op-checklocktimeverify-cltv", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/op-checklocktimeverify-cltv/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin Script opcode (BIP 65) that makes an output unspendable until a specified absolute block height or Unix time.", "word_count": 291, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "op-checkmultisig", "term": "OP_CHECKMULTISIG", "slug": "op-checkmultisig", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/op-checkmultisig/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Legacy Bitcoin opcode (0xae) verifying m-of-n signatures; carries a famous off-by-one bug requiring an extra dummy stack element.", "word_count": 246, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "op-checksequenceverify-csv", "term": "OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY (CSV)", "slug": "op-checksequenceverify-csv", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/op-checksequenceverify-csv/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin Script opcode (BIP 112) enforcing a relative timelock: an output stays unspendable for a set number of blocks or seconds after it confirms.", "word_count": 244, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "op-checksig", "term": "OP_CHECKSIG", "slug": "op-checksig", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/op-checksig/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin Script opcode (0xac) that verifies a signature against a public key, returning true if the signing key matches the transaction's signed data.", "word_count": 252, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "op-checksigadd", "term": "OP_CHECKSIGADD", "slug": "op-checksigadd", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/op-checksigadd/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Tapscript opcode (0xba) introduced in BIP 342 that builds batch-verifiable multisig by incrementing a counter for each valid Schnorr signature.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "op-checksigfromstack", "term": "OP_CHECKSIGFROMSTACK (CSFS)", "slug": "op-checksigfromstack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/op-checksigfromstack/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Proposed Bitcoin opcode (BIP 348) that verifies a signature over an arbitrary message from the stack, enabling delegation and richer contracts.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "op-checktemplateverify", "term": "OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY (CTV)", "slug": "op-checktemplateverify", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/op-checktemplateverify/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A proposed opcode (BIP 119) that lets a script commit to a hash of the spending transaction's outputs, enabling non-recursive covenants.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "op-checktemplateverify-ctv", "term": "OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY (CTV)", "slug": "op-checktemplateverify-ctv", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/op-checktemplateverify-ctv/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A proposed Bitcoin opcode (BIP119) that commits a UTXO to a specific, predetermined spending transaction template.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "op-hash160", "term": "OP_HASH160", "slug": "op-hash160", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/op-hash160/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin opcode (0xa9) that hashes the top stack item with RIPEMD160(SHA256(x)), producing the 20-byte hash used in addresses.", "word_count": 220, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "op-if-script-conditional", "term": "OP_IF / Script Conditional", "slug": "op-if-script-conditional", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/op-if-script-conditional/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin Script flow-control opcodes (OP_IF, OP_NOTIF, OP_ELSE, OP_ENDIF) that select among multiple spending paths in a single locking script.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "op-return", "term": "OP_RETURN", "slug": "op-return", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/op-return/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Bitcoin script opcode that marks an output as provably unspendable, letting a transaction carry a small payload of arbitrary data.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "op-success", "term": "OP_SUCCESS (Tapscript)", "slug": "op-success", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/op-success/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Tapscript opcodes (BIP 342) that make a script succeed immediately, reserving opcode space for future soft-fork upgrades to Bitcoin's scripting language.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "op-txhash", "term": "OP_TXHASH", "slug": "op-txhash", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/op-txhash/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Proposed Bitcoin opcode (BIP 346) for granular transaction introspection, letting a script select exactly which fields a spend must commit to.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "op-vault", "term": "OP_VAULT", "slug": "op-vault", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/op-vault/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A proposed covenant opcode (BIP 345) purpose-built for Bitcoin vaults, adding a withdrawal delay and a path to claw coins back to cold storage.", "word_count": 280, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "oracle-announcement", "term": "Oracle Announcement", "slug": "oracle-announcement", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/oracle-announcement/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "An oracle's advance commitment to sign a future event's outcome, publishing the nonce and possible results so DLC parties can build contracts.", "word_count": 290, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "oracle-attestation", "term": "Oracle Attestation", "slug": "oracle-attestation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/oracle-attestation/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "An oracle's published signature over the actual outcome of an event, used to settle a Discreet Log Contract without the oracle holding funds.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "orange-pill", "term": "Orange Pill", "slug": "orange-pill", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/orange-pill/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Bitcoin culture metaphor, from The Matrix and Bitcoin's orange logo, for coming to understand and embrace Bitcoin's premises.", "word_count": 242, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ordinals", "term": "Ordinals", "slug": "ordinals", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ordinals/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A scheme for numbering and tracking individual satoshis on Bitcoin, enabling data to be inscribed onto specific sats.", "word_count": 262, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "orphan-block", "term": "Orphan Block", "slug": "orphan-block", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/orphan-block/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "A valid block rejected by the network because a competing block at the same height was accepted first.", "word_count": 193, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "orpo-odds-ratio-preference-optimization", "term": "ORPO (Odds Ratio Preference Optimization)", "slug": "orpo-odds-ratio-preference-optimization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/orpo-odds-ratio-preference-optimization/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A single-stage LLM tuning method that folds preference alignment into supervised fine-tuning using an odds-ratio penalty, with no reference model.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "outbound-connection-slots", "term": "Outbound Connection Slots", "slug": "outbound-connection-slots", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/outbound-connection-slots/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The eleven outbound peer links a Bitcoin Core node opens by default: 8 full-relay, 2 block-relay-only, and 1 feeler.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "output-descriptor", "term": "Output Descriptor", "slug": "output-descriptor", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/output-descriptor/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A precise BIP380 string that packages script type, keys, and derivation path together, removing the ambiguity of sharing a bare xpub.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "output-linking", "term": "Output Linking", "slug": "output-linking", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/output-linking/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The chain-analysis technique of connecting transaction outputs to later inputs and likely owners, the building block of blockchain surveillance.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "output-linking-resistance", "term": "Output Linking Resistance", "slug": "output-linking-resistance", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/output-linking-resistance/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A protocol property where multiple payments to the same recipient cannot be linked on-chain by an outside observer, preserving fungibility.", "word_count": 283, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "output-registration", "term": "Output Registration", "slug": "output-registration", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/output-registration/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The CoinJoin phase where participants spend blinded credentials to claim the mixed outputs they will receive.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "overclocking", "term": "Overclocking", "slug": "overclocking", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/overclocking/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Running mining hardware faster than default to increase hashrate, at the cost of more power and heat.", "word_count": 194, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "overfitting", "term": "Overfitting", "slug": "overfitting", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/overfitting/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "When a model memorizes its training data, including noise, and fails to generalize to new, unseen inputs.", "word_count": 262, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "p-tuning", "term": "P-Tuning", "slug": "p-tuning", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/p-tuning/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A soft-prompt method that trains continuous prompt embeddings via a small prompt encoder, insertable anywhere in the input, mainly for language understanding.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "p2pkh-legacy-address", "term": "P2PKH (Legacy Address)", "slug": "p2pkh-legacy-address", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/p2pkh-legacy-address/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Pay-to-Public-Key-Hash: Bitcoin's original address type, Base58Check-encoded and beginning with 1 on mainnet.", "word_count": 239, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "p2tr-pay-to-taproot", "term": "P2TR (Pay to Taproot)", "slug": "p2tr-pay-to-taproot", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/p2tr-pay-to-taproot/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Pay-to-Taproot output: SegWit v1 spend with a 32-byte x-only key, Bech32m bc1p address, key- or script-path.", "word_count": 229, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "p2wpkh-native-segwit", "term": "P2WPKH (Native SegWit)", "slug": "p2wpkh-native-segwit", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/p2wpkh-native-segwit/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Pay-to-Witness-Public-Key-Hash: native SegWit output, Bech32-encoded with a bc1q prefix and lower fees.", "word_count": 223, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "package-relay", "term": "Package Relay (BIP-331)", "slug": "package-relay", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/package-relay/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A proposal (BIP-331) letting nodes relay and evaluate related transactions together by combined feerate, fixing CPFP edge cases.", "word_count": 262, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "packet-radio", "term": "Packet Radio", "slug": "packet-radio", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/packet-radio/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Sending digital data over amateur radio via the AX.25 protocol: store-and-forward, error-checked frames that work with no internet — the ancestor of APRS and Winlink.", "word_count": 294, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "parameter-count", "term": "Parameter Count", "slug": "parameter-count", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/parameter-count/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The total number of trainable weights in an AI model (e.g. 7B, 70B); the main proxy for capability and the chief driver of memory/VRAM needs.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "parrot-os", "term": "Parrot OS", "slug": "parrot-os", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/parrot-os/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Debian-based distribution offering security-testing and privacy tooling, available in Security and Home editions with rolling updates.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "bip39-passphrase", "term": "Passphrase (25th Word)", "slug": "bip39-passphrase", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/bip39-passphrase/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An optional secret added to a BIP39 seed phrase that derives an entirely separate wallet, acting as a second factor beyond the written words.", "word_count": 247, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "pay-to-contract", "term": "Pay-to-Contract", "slug": "pay-to-contract", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pay-to-contract/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A cryptographic scheme that commits to data by tweaking a public key, so the commitment is invisible yet provable; Taproot's foundation.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "p2ep", "term": "Pay-to-EndPoint (P2EP)", "slug": "p2ep", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/p2ep/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The original name for the collaborative-payment idea later standardized as PayJoin (BIP78), where the receiver adds inputs to break ownership heuristics.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "pay-to-script-hash-p2sh", "term": "Pay-to-Script-Hash (P2SH)", "slug": "pay-to-script-hash-p2sh", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pay-to-script-hash-p2sh/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Bitcoin output type (BIP 16) that commits to the hash of a redeem script, letting the spender supply the full script when claiming the funds.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "payjoin", "term": "PayJoin (P2EP)", "slug": "payjoin", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/payjoin/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Bitcoin payment where the receiver also contributes an input, breaking the assumption that all inputs share one owner.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "payment-channel", "term": "Payment Channel", "slug": "payment-channel", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/payment-channel/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A two-party Lightning construct funded by an on-chain 2-of-2 multisig that lets parties exchange unlimited off-chain Bitcoin payments.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "payment-code", "term": "Payment Code (BIP47)", "slug": "payment-code", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/payment-code/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A reusable, shareable BIP47 identifier (an extended public key plus metadata) that lets a sender derive fresh addresses without address reuse.", "word_count": 280, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "paynym", "term": "PayNym", "slug": "paynym", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/paynym/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A human-friendly identifier and robot avatar generated from a BIP47 payment code, making reusable private payments easy to share and recognize.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "pcb", "term": "PCB", "slug": "pcb", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pcb/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The circuit board that supports and connects mining chips. The physical foundation of a hashboard.", "word_count": 172, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "pcb-delamination", "term": "PCB Delamination", "slug": "pcb-delamination", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pcb-delamination/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Separation of a circuit board's internal layers or resin-glass bond, often from moisture or heat, degrading reliability.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "pcb-stackup", "term": "PCB Stackup", "slug": "pcb-stackup", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pcb-stackup/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "The layer-by-layer arrangement of copper and dielectric in a multilayer PCB; defines impedance, routing, and reach of vias.", "word_count": 293, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "pcb-trace", "term": "PCB Trace", "slug": "pcb-trace", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pcb-trace/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A copper conductor printed on a PCB that carries signal or power between components; width sets current capacity.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "pci-express", "term": "PCI Express (PCIe)", "slug": "pci-express", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pci-express/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A high-speed serial expansion bus using point-to-point lanes (x1 to x16) to connect GPUs, NICs, and storage to a host, central to GPU mining rigs.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "pdu", "term": "PDU", "slug": "pdu", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pdu/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "A power distribution device for feeding multiple miners from one circuit with monitoring and protection.", "word_count": 190, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "peak-shaving", "term": "Peak Shaving", "slug": "peak-shaving", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/peak-shaving/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Trimming a facility's maximum power draw—via batteries or curtailment—to cut demand charges and ease grid interconnection limits.", "word_count": 265, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "peaker-plant", "term": "Peaker Plant", "slug": "peaker-plant", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/peaker-plant/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A power plant that runs only during peak demand, fast to start but expensive and inefficient to operate.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "peer-eviction-logic", "term": "Peer Eviction Logic", "slug": "peer-eviction-logic", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/peer-eviction-logic/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin Core's AttemptToEvictConnection routine that frees an inbound slot when full while protecting hard-to-forge honest peers.", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "peft", "term": "PEFT (Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning)", "slug": "peft", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/peft/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A family of methods that adapt a large model by training a small set of extra parameters while freezing the original weights.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "peg-in", "term": "Peg-In", "slug": "peg-in", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/peg-in/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Moving bitcoin onto the Liquid sidechain by locking BTC to the federation multisig and minting an equal amount of L-BTC.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "peg-out", "term": "Peg-Out", "slug": "peg-out", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/peg-out/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Redeeming L-BTC for real bitcoin on the main chain, requiring a Peg-out Authorization Key and federation watchman approval.", "word_count": 241, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "permissionless", "term": "Permissionless", "slug": "permissionless", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/permissionless/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A property of open networks like Bitcoin where anyone can participate, transact, or contribute hashrate without approval from a gatekeeper.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "permissive-license", "term": "Permissive License", "slug": "permissive-license", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/permissive-license/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "An open-source license that allows reuse with minimal conditions, typically only attribution, and permits derived works to be closed or re-licensed.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "perplexity-metric", "term": "Perplexity (Metric)", "slug": "perplexity-metric", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/perplexity-metric/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An intrinsic language-model metric equal to the exponential of cross-entropy; lower values mean better next-token prediction.", "word_count": 311, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "petahash-exahash-zettahash", "term": "Petahash, Exahash, and Zettahash", "slug": "petahash-exahash-zettahash", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/petahash-exahash-zettahash/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The SI-scaled units above terahash: petahash (10^15), exahash (10^18), and zettahash (10^21) hashes per second, used for pools and the whole network.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "pgp-gpg", "term": "PGP / GPG", "slug": "pgp-gpg", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pgp-gpg/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Pretty Good Privacy and its free GnuPG implementation: the long-standing tools for encrypting, signing, and verifying files and messages.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "phase-locked-loop", "term": "Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)", "slug": "phase-locked-loop", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/phase-locked-loop/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "An on-chip feedback circuit that multiplies a slow reference clock up to the high frequency a mining ASIC's hash engines run at.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "phipa", "term": "PHIPA", "slug": "phipa", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/phipa/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Ontario's health privacy law (S.O. 2004) governing how custodians collect, use, and disclose personal health information.", "word_count": 312, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "phoenix-wallet", "term": "Phoenix Wallet", "slug": "phoenix-wallet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/phoenix-wallet/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A self-custodial mobile Lightning wallet by ACINQ using automated channels, splicing, and trampoline routing for ease of use.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "photolithography", "term": "Photolithography", "slug": "photolithography", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/photolithography/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The light-based patterning process that transfers a chip's circuit design onto a wafer layer by layer using photomasks and photoresist.", "word_count": 244, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "pic-microcontroller-antminer", "term": "PIC Microcontroller (Antminer)", "slug": "pic-microcontroller-antminer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pic-microcontroller-antminer/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A small microcontroller on many Antminer hashboards that stores calibration and ID data in EEPROM, acting as the board's 'birth certificate.'", "word_count": 238, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "pipeda", "term": "PIPEDA", "slug": "pipeda", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pipeda/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Canada's federal private-sector privacy law governing how businesses collect, use, and disclose personal information during commercial activity.", "word_count": 329, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "pipeline-parallelism", "term": "Pipeline Parallelism", "slug": "pipeline-parallelism", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pipeline-parallelism/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Model-parallel strategy that assigns consecutive groups of layers to different devices, passing activations stage to stage like an assembly line.", "word_count": 246, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "planar-transistor", "term": "Planar Transistor", "slug": "planar-transistor", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/planar-transistor/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The classic 2D MOSFET with source, gate, and drain laid flat on the wafer surface; the predecessor to 3D FinFETs.", "word_count": 247, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "planner-executor-pattern", "term": "Planner-Executor Pattern", "slug": "planner-executor-pattern", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/planner-executor-pattern/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An agent design that splits work into a planner that decides the multi-step plan and an executor that carries out each step and reports back.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "plausible-deniability", "term": "Plausible Deniability", "slug": "plausible-deniability", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/plausible-deniability/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A security design where you can credibly deny that hidden data or assets exist, even after revealing a decoy under pressure.", "word_count": 283, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "plenum", "term": "Plenum", "slug": "plenum", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/plenum/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A sealed, pressurized air space (often under a raised floor or above a ceiling) used to distribute cooling air across a facility.", "word_count": 245, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "pluggable-transport", "term": "Pluggable Transport", "slug": "pluggable-transport", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pluggable-transport/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A modular layer that transforms traffic between a client and a relay so censors see innocuous-looking data instead of a recognizable protocol.", "word_count": 251, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "point-time-locked-contract-ptlc", "term": "Point Time-Locked Contract (PTLC)", "slug": "point-time-locked-contract-ptlc", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/point-time-locked-contract-ptlc/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Lightning payment lock that uses an elliptic-curve point and adaptor signatures instead of a hash, improving routing privacy over HTLCs.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "policy-gradient", "term": "Policy Gradient", "slug": "policy-gradient", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/policy-gradient/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A family of RL methods that directly adjust a model's action probabilities to maximize expected reward, the foundation under PPO and GRPO.", "word_count": 284, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "policy-vs-consensus-rules", "term": "Policy vs Consensus Rules", "slug": "policy-vs-consensus-rules", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/policy-vs-consensus-rules/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Consensus rules decide if a block is valid for everyone; policy rules are local node preferences for relaying unconfirmed transactions.", "word_count": 308, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "polynomial-commitment-scheme", "term": "Polynomial Commitment Scheme", "slug": "polynomial-commitment-scheme", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/polynomial-commitment-scheme/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A primitive that commits to a polynomial with a short string, then proves its value at any point — the core building block of modern SNARKs and STARKs.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "pool-fee", "term": "Pool Fee", "slug": "pool-fee", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pool-fee/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The percentage a pool takes from rewards. Ranges from 0-4% depending on the pool and payout method.", "word_count": 177, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "pool-hopping", "term": "Pool Hopping", "slug": "pool-hopping", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pool-hopping/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A gaming strategy where miners join a pool only during high-value reward rounds and leave afterward, exploiting proportional payout schemes.", "word_count": 228, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "pool-luck", "term": "Pool Luck", "slug": "pool-luck", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pool-luck/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "A pool's expected shares to find a block divided by the shares it actually took, as a percent; over 100% is lucky, under is unlucky.", "word_count": 232, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "port-forwarding", "term": "Port Forwarding", "slug": "port-forwarding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/port-forwarding/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A router rule that directs inbound traffic on a chosen port to a specific internal device, exposing a self-hosted service to the internet.", "word_count": 281, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "position-interpolation", "term": "Position Interpolation", "slug": "position-interpolation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/position-interpolation/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Rescaling rotary position indices so a pretrained model can handle inputs longer than its original window without catastrophic attention errors.", "word_count": 303, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "positional-encoding-rope", "term": "Positional Encoding (RoPE)", "slug": "positional-encoding-rope", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/positional-encoding-rope/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "How Transformers inject token order; RoPE rotates query/key vectors by position to encode relative distance.", "word_count": 237, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "post-mix-spending", "term": "Post-Mix Spending", "slug": "post-mix-spending", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/post-mix-spending/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Handling CoinJoin outputs after mixing so spending or consolidating them does not re-link your coins on-chain.", "word_count": 248, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "power-circuit", "term": "Power Circuit", "slug": "power-circuit", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/power-circuit/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "The electrical wiring and breaker serving mining hardware. Full-size miners often need dedicated 240V circuits.", "word_count": 194, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "power-distribution-unit", "term": "Power Distribution Unit (PDU)", "slug": "power-distribution-unit", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/power-distribution-unit/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A device that splits a high-capacity electrical feed into multiple outlets to safely power racks of ASIC miners.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "power-factor", "term": "Power Factor", "slug": "power-factor", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/power-factor/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "The ratio of real power (kW) to apparent power (kVA) in an AC circuit, measuring how efficiently a load uses the current it draws.", "word_count": 246, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "power-factor-correction-pfc", "term": "Power Factor Correction (PFC)", "slug": "power-factor-correction-pfc", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/power-factor-correction-pfc/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Circuitry in a switching PSU that shapes input current to follow line voltage, raising power factor toward unity and cutting harmonic current.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "power-gating", "term": "Power Gating", "slug": "power-gating", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/power-gating/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Cutting the supply to an inactive on-chip block entirely, eliminating both its dynamic and leakage power instead of just its clock.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "power-plane", "term": "Power Plane", "slug": "power-plane", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/power-plane/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A dedicated copper layer that distributes one supply voltage across a PCB as a low-impedance part of the power distribution network.", "word_count": 262, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "power-purchase-agreement-ppa", "term": "Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)", "slug": "power-purchase-agreement-ppa", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/power-purchase-agreement-ppa/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A long-term contract to buy electricity at a pre-negotiated price directly from a generator, bypassing volatile spot prices.", "word_count": 291, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "power-quality", "term": "Power Quality", "slug": "power-quality", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/power-quality/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "How closely the voltage and current at a facility match a clean, stable sine wave at nominal voltage and frequency.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "power-usage-effectiveness-pue", "term": "Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE)", "slug": "power-usage-effectiveness-pue", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/power-usage-effectiveness-pue/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Ratio of a facility's total power draw to the power reaching its compute load; the headline efficiency metric for Hashcenters and datacenters.", "word_count": 291, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "power-whip", "term": "Power Whip", "slug": "power-whip", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/power-whip/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A pre-terminated flexible cable that carries power from a remote panel to a rack, hardwired at one end with a receptacle at the other.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "pplns", "term": "PPLNS", "slug": "pplns", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pplns/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A pool payout distributing actual block rewards based on shares contributed. Lower fees but more variable income.", "word_count": 183, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "ppo-proximal-policy-optimization", "term": "PPO (Proximal Policy Optimization)", "slug": "ppo-proximal-policy-optimization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ppo-proximal-policy-optimization/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A reinforcement-learning algorithm that updates a model's policy in small, clipped steps. It is the workhorse of RLHF for aligning language models.", "word_count": 307, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "pps", "term": "PPS", "slug": "pps", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pps/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A pool payout paying a fixed rate per share based on the block subsidy only, not transaction fees.", "word_count": 176, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "preference-dataset", "term": "Preference Dataset", "slug": "preference-dataset", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/preference-dataset/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A dataset of prompt responses labeled as chosen versus rejected, used to teach LLMs which outputs humans prefer during alignment.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "prefill-phase", "term": "Prefill Phase", "slug": "prefill-phase", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/prefill-phase/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The first stage of LLM inference where the entire input prompt is processed in parallel to build the KV cache and emit the first token.", "word_count": 290, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "prefill-decode-disaggregation", "term": "Prefill-Decode Disaggregation", "slug": "prefill-decode-disaggregation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/prefill-decode-disaggregation/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Splitting LLM serving so the compute-bound prefill phase and the memory-bound decode phase run on separate GPUs, each tuned to its own profile.", "word_count": 326, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "prefix-caching", "term": "Prefix Caching", "slug": "prefix-caching", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/prefix-caching/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Reusing the cached key/value state of a shared prompt prefix across requests so the model skips recomputing identical leading tokens.", "word_count": 303, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "prefix-tuning", "term": "Prefix Tuning", "slug": "prefix-tuning", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/prefix-tuning/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A fine-tuning method that prepends trainable continuous vectors to every transformer layer while keeping all model weights frozen.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "preheater", "term": "Preheater", "slug": "preheater", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/preheater/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A bench tool that warms the whole PCB from below before localized rework, reducing thermal shock and easing chip removal.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "pretraining", "term": "Pretraining", "slug": "pretraining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pretraining/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The first, compute-heavy training stage where a model learns language and world knowledge from a large corpus via next-token prediction.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "prime-vs-standby-power-rating", "term": "Prime vs Standby Power Rating", "slug": "prime-vs-standby-power-rating", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/prime-vs-standby-power-rating/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "ISO 8528 genset ratings: prime (PRP) allows unlimited run-hours at variable load; standby (ESP) is emergency-only, ~200 hours/year.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "principle-of-least-privilege", "term": "Principle of Least Privilege", "slug": "principle-of-least-privilege", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/principle-of-least-privilege/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Grant every user, process, or device only the minimum access needed to do its job, and nothing more, to limit the blast radius of any compromise.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "printed-circuit-board", "term": "Printed Circuit Board (PCB)", "slug": "printed-circuit-board", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/printed-circuit-board/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The layered fiberglass board with etched copper traces that mounts and interconnects a device's components; an ASIC hashboard is a dense multilayer PCB.", "word_count": 216, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "probabilistic-finality", "term": "Probabilistic Finality", "slug": "probabilistic-finality", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/probabilistic-finality/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin settlement is never absolute; reversal odds drop exponentially as proof-of-work accumulates above a transaction.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "process-node", "term": "Process Node", "slug": "process-node", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/process-node/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A label such as 5 nm or 3 nm that names a semiconductor manufacturing generation; today it is a marketing tier, not a literal transistor dimension.", "word_count": 235, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "product-quantization", "term": "Product Quantization", "slug": "product-quantization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/product-quantization/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An ANN compression method that splits a vector into subvectors, quantizes each against its own codebook, and stores only the centroid IDs.", "word_count": 281, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "profit-switching", "term": "Profit Switching", "slug": "profit-switching", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/profit-switching/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Automatically redirecting hashrate to whichever coin or algorithm is most profitable at the moment, at the pool or via third-party software.", "word_count": 292, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "prompt-caching", "term": "Prompt Caching", "slug": "prompt-caching", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/prompt-caching/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Storing a reusable prompt prefix so repeated requests skip reprocessing it, cutting token cost and latency on long, stable context.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "prompt-compression", "term": "Prompt Compression", "slug": "prompt-compression", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/prompt-compression/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Removing or rewriting low-information tokens in a prompt so a model receives a shorter input with most of the meaning preserved.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "prompt-engineering", "term": "Prompt Engineering", "slug": "prompt-engineering", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/prompt-engineering/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The practice of crafting inputs and instructions to steer a language model toward accurate, useful outputs without changing its weights.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "prompt-injection", "term": "Prompt Injection", "slug": "prompt-injection", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/prompt-injection/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An attack that smuggles malicious instructions into an LLM's input so the model ignores its rules and follows the attacker instead.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "prompt-template", "term": "Prompt Template", "slug": "prompt-template", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/prompt-template/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A reusable prompt skeleton with fixed instructions and named placeholders that are filled with variable data before sending to a model.", "word_count": 295, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "prompt-tuning", "term": "Prompt Tuning", "slug": "prompt-tuning", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/prompt-tuning/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A lightweight fine-tuning method that trains only a small set of soft-prompt vectors added to the model's input embeddings, freezing all other weights.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "proof-of-authority", "term": "Proof of Authority", "slug": "proof-of-authority", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/proof-of-authority/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A consensus mechanism for permissioned chains where a small set of vetted, identified validators stake their reputation to produce blocks.", "word_count": 280, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "proof-of-burn", "term": "Proof of Burn", "slug": "proof-of-burn", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/proof-of-burn/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A consensus or token mechanism where participants destroy coins by sending them to an unspendable address to earn block rights or new tokens.", "word_count": 235, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "proof-of-keys", "term": "Proof of Keys", "slug": "proof-of-keys", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/proof-of-keys/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An annual January 3 tradition of withdrawing bitcoin from custodians to verify self-custody, echoing \"not your keys, not your coins.\"", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "proof-of-reserves", "term": "Proof of Reserves", "slug": "proof-of-reserves", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/proof-of-reserves/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A verifiable attestation, often Merkle-tree based, that a custodian holds enough assets to cover all customer liabilities.", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "proof-of-space", "term": "Proof of Space", "slug": "proof-of-space", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/proof-of-space/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A consensus mechanism where participants prove they have reserved disk storage, used by Chia, usually paired with a verifiable delay function.", "word_count": 262, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "proof-of-stake", "term": "Proof of Stake", "slug": "proof-of-stake", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/proof-of-stake/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A consensus mechanism where validators are selected to produce blocks based on coins they lock as collateral, slashable for misbehavior.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "proof-of-work", "term": "Proof of Work", "slug": "proof-of-work", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/proof-of-work/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "Bitcoin's security mechanism requiring miners to expend energy to validate transactions and create blocks.", "word_count": 192, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "propagation-delay", "term": "Propagation Delay", "slug": "propagation-delay", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/propagation-delay/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The time for a new block to spread across the network. Faster propagation reduces competing blocks.", "word_count": 202, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "protection-relay", "term": "Protection Relay", "slug": "protection-relay", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/protection-relay/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A device that monitors current, voltage, or frequency and commands a breaker to trip when it detects a fault, protecting equipment and people.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "pruned-node", "term": "Pruned Node", "slug": "pruned-node", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pruned-node/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A full-validation Bitcoin node that discards old block data after verifying it, cutting disk use to a few GB while keeping the same security guarantees.", "word_count": 232, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "partially-signed-bitcoin-transaction-psbt", "term": "PSBT (Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction)", "slug": "partially-signed-bitcoin-transaction-psbt", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/partially-signed-bitcoin-transaction-psbt/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A standardized format (BIP174) for passing an unsigned or partly signed transaction between wallets and signers, keeping keys offline.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "pseudonymity", "term": "Pseudonymity", "slug": "pseudonymity", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pseudonymity/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Acting under a consistent alias that is not your legal identity, allowing a persistent reputation without exposing who you really are.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "psu", "term": "PSU", "slug": "psu", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/psu/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The power supply that converts AC electricity to DC power for the miner. A critical component affecting efficiency.", "word_count": 183, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "public-pool", "term": "Public Pool", "slug": "public-pool", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/public-pool/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "A no-fee, no-registration solo mining pool popular with Bitaxe users. Full block reward goes to the finder.", "word_count": 201, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "pump-out-effect", "term": "Pump-Out Effect", "slug": "pump-out-effect", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/pump-out-effect/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "The gradual squeezing-out of thermal paste from a chip interface caused by repeated heating and cooling, which forms voids and slowly raises chip temperature.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "purchasing-power", "term": "Purchasing Power", "slug": "purchasing-power", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/purchasing-power/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The quantity of goods and services a unit of money can buy; it falls under inflation and rises under deflation.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "qlora", "term": "QLoRA", "slug": "qlora", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/qlora/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A fine-tuning method that trains LoRA adapters on top of a 4-bit quantized base model to slash memory use without losing accuracy.", "word_count": 243, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "quantitative-easing", "term": "Quantitative Easing (QE)", "slug": "quantitative-easing", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/quantitative-easing/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A central-bank policy of buying bonds with newly created reserves to expand its balance sheet, lower long-term rates, and stimulate the economy.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "quantization-llm", "term": "Quantization (LLM)", "slug": "quantization-llm", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/quantization-llm/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Quantization shrinks an LLM by storing its weights at lower precision (e.g. 4-bit), cutting VRAM and letting larger models run on consumer GPUs.", "word_count": 235, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "quantization-aware-training", "term": "Quantization-Aware Training", "slug": "quantization-aware-training", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/quantization-aware-training/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Training that simulates low-precision arithmetic so the model learns to stay accurate after quantization, beating simple post-training methods at very low bit-widths.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "qubes-os", "term": "Qubes OS", "slug": "qubes-os", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/qubes-os/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Security-oriented desktop OS that isolates activities into separate Xen-based virtual machines (qubes) on a security-by-compartmentalization model.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "race-attack", "term": "Race Attack", "slug": "race-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/race-attack/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The simplest zero-confirmation double-spend: broadcast two conflicting transactions and hope the merchant accepts the one that loses.", "word_count": 280, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "radio-duty-cycle", "term": "Radio Duty Cycle", "slug": "radio-duty-cycle", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/radio-duty-cycle/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The fraction of time a radio is legally permitted to transmit on a band (e.g. ~1% on EU 868 MHz); the regulatory cap that limits LoRa/mesh throughput.", "word_count": 265, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "rag", "term": "RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation)", "slug": "rag", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/rag/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A technique that grounds an LLM's answers in documents fetched from an external knowledge base at query time, reducing hallucination.", "word_count": 242, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ramp-rate", "term": "Ramp Rate", "slug": "ramp-rate", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ramp-rate/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "How fast a generator or load can change output, expressed in MW per minute or percent of rated capacity per minute.", "word_count": 222, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "raspiblitz", "term": "RaspiBlitz", "slug": "raspiblitz", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/raspiblitz/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An open-source, MIT-licensed DIY project for running a Bitcoin and Lightning node on a Raspberry Pi with a guided setup.", "word_count": 237, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "rate-of-change-of-frequency", "term": "Rate of Change of Frequency", "slug": "rate-of-change-of-frequency", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/rate-of-change-of-frequency/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "How fast grid frequency moves after a supply-demand imbalance, in Hz/s; steeper in low-inertia, inverter-heavy grids. Abbreviated RoCoF.", "word_count": 236, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "re-ranking-cross-encoder", "term": "Re-Ranking Cross-Encoder", "slug": "re-ranking-cross-encoder", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/re-ranking-cross-encoder/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A second-stage model that jointly encodes each query-document pair to score relevance precisely, reordering a retriever's top candidates.", "word_count": 299, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "react-pattern", "term": "ReAct Pattern", "slug": "react-pattern", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/react-pattern/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An LLM prompting paradigm that interleaves reasoning traces and actions, letting a model think, act on tools, and update its plan.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "realized-cap", "term": "Realized Cap", "slug": "realized-cap", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/realized-cap/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "On-chain valuation summing each bitcoin at the price it last moved, approximating the aggregate cost basis of circulating supply.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "realized-price", "term": "Realized Price", "slug": "realized-price", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/realized-price/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Realized Cap divided by circulating supply; the average on-chain cost basis per coin, the price at which the supply last moved.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "rear-door-heat-exchanger", "term": "Rear-Door Heat Exchanger (RDHx)", "slug": "rear-door-heat-exchanger", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/rear-door-heat-exchanger/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A liquid-cooled coil mounted on a rack's rear door that captures exhaust heat before it enters the room, neutralizing hot air at the source.", "word_count": 246, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reasoning-model", "term": "Reasoning Model", "slug": "reasoning-model", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reasoning-model/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An LLM trained to produce long internal step-by-step reasoning before answering, excelling at math, logic, and code.", "word_count": 288, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reballing", "term": "Reballing", "slug": "reballing", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reballing/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Cleaning old solder off a BGA chip's pads and applying fresh, uniform solder balls so it can be reflowed back onto a hashboard.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reciprocal-rank-fusion-rrf", "term": "Reciprocal Rank Fusion (RRF)", "slug": "reciprocal-rank-fusion-rrf", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reciprocal-rank-fusion-rrf/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A simple, score-free method to merge multiple ranked result lists into one by summing the reciprocals of each item's rank.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reciprocating-engine-genset", "term": "Reciprocating Engine Genset", "slug": "reciprocating-engine-genset", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reciprocating-engine-genset/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A piston engine driving an alternator; modular, ~45-50% efficient, fast-starting, and well suited to behind-the-meter mining power.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "rectifier", "term": "Rectifier", "slug": "rectifier", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/rectifier/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A device that converts incoming AC into DC—the charging path for batteries and the front end of every ASIC power supply.", "word_count": 240, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "recurrent-neural-network-rnn", "term": "Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)", "slug": "recurrent-neural-network-rnn", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/recurrent-neural-network-rnn/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A neural network with looping connections that maintains a hidden state across a sequence, used for time-series and language tasks; LSTM is a key variant.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "recursive-covenant", "term": "Recursive Covenant", "slug": "recursive-covenant", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/recursive-covenant/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A covenant whose spending rules re-attach to the output it creates, so the same constraints can propagate across many future transactions.", "word_count": 304, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "red-teaming-ai", "term": "Red-Teaming (AI)", "slug": "red-teaming-ai", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/red-teaming-ai/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Systematically probing an AI model with adversarial inputs to surface safety, security, and policy failures before release.", "word_count": 244, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "redistribution-layer", "term": "Redistribution Layer (RDL)", "slug": "redistribution-layer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/redistribution-layer/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Patterned copper-and-dielectric routing built on a die or wafer that reroutes tightly spaced bond pads to a wider connection footprint.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "redundancy-repair", "term": "Redundancy Repair", "slug": "redundancy-repair", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/redundancy-repair/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Replacing a defective memory row, column, or logic block with a spare element after test, reclaiming dies that would otherwise be scrapped.", "word_count": 293, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reflexion-verbal-reinforcement-learning", "term": "Reflexion (Verbal Reinforcement Learning)", "slug": "reflexion-verbal-reinforcement-learning", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reflexion-verbal-reinforcement-learning/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An agent technique where an LLM verbally reflects on its failures and stores those lessons in memory to improve on the next attempt.", "word_count": 288, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reflow", "term": "Reflow", "slug": "reflow", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reflow/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Controlled heating of solder past its melting point through a profiled ramp so BGA joints re-form without thermal-shocking the board.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reflow-oven", "term": "Reflow Oven", "slug": "reflow-oven", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reflow-oven/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A multi-zone heating chamber that melts solder paste through a staged time-temperature profile to permanently attach surface-mount parts.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reflow-profile", "term": "Reflow Profile", "slug": "reflow-profile", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reflow-profile/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "The controlled preheat-soak-reflow-cooling temperature curve followed when melting solder; the discipline that prevents cold joints, tombstoning and lifted pads.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reflowing", "term": "Reflowing", "slug": "reflowing", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reflowing/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Reheating solder joints to fix broken connections. A common repair for intermittent chip failures.", "word_count": 215, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "refurbished-asic", "term": "Refurbished ASIC", "slug": "refurbished-asic", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/refurbished-asic/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A pre-owned ASIC miner that has been tested, repaired as needed, and burn-in verified to perform at or near factory spec.", "word_count": 282, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "regtest", "term": "Regtest", "slug": "regtest", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/regtest/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Regression test mode: a private, local Bitcoin blockchain where the developer mines blocks on demand for fully deterministic testing.", "word_count": 206, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "regularization", "term": "Regularization", "slug": "regularization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/regularization/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A family of techniques that constrain a model during training to discourage overfitting and improve generalization.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reindex", "term": "Reindex", "slug": "reindex", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reindex/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Bitcoin Core maintenance mode that wipes and rebuilds the block index and chainstate from the raw block files on disk.", "word_count": 244, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reissuance-token", "term": "Reissuance Token", "slug": "reissuance-token", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reissuance-token/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A special token on Liquid whose holder is permitted to mint additional units of a previously issued asset.", "word_count": 246, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reject-rate", "term": "Reject Rate", "slug": "reject-rate", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reject-rate/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The share of submitted shares a pool refuses (stale, low-difficulty, duplicate, or malformed), shown as a percentage of total shares.", "word_count": 234, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "rejection-sampling-fine-tuning", "term": "Rejection Sampling Fine-Tuning", "slug": "rejection-sampling-fine-tuning", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/rejection-sampling-fine-tuning/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Sampling many responses per prompt, keeping only the highest reward-scored ones, and fine-tuning the model on those best samples.", "word_count": 265, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "relative-timelock", "term": "Relative Timelock", "slug": "relative-timelock", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/relative-timelock/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A spending constraint requiring a set number of blocks or seconds to pass after an output confirms, enforced via nSequence and CSV.", "word_count": 240, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "renewable-energy-certificate-rec", "term": "Renewable Energy Certificate (REC)", "slug": "renewable-energy-certificate-rec", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/renewable-energy-certificate-rec/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A tradable instrument representing the non-power environmental attributes of one megawatt-hour of renewable electricity generation.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reorg-protection", "term": "Reorg Protection", "slug": "reorg-protection", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reorg-protection/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Strategies for resisting chain reorganizations by waiting for sufficient confirmation depth before treating a transaction as settled.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "repetition-penalty", "term": "Repetition Penalty", "slug": "repetition-penalty", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/repetition-penalty/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Sampling parameter that lowers the probability of tokens already seen, discouraging a model from looping or echoing itself.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "replace-by-fee-rbf", "term": "Replace-By-Fee (RBF)", "slug": "replace-by-fee-rbf", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/replace-by-fee-rbf/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A mempool policy (BIP125) letting a sender replace an unconfirmed transaction with a higher-fee version that spends the same inputs.", "word_count": 241, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "replay-attack", "term": "Replay Attack", "slug": "replay-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/replay-attack/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Re-broadcasting a valid transaction on a second chain after a hard fork, so a payment unintentionally executes on both ledgers.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "replay-protection", "term": "Replay Protection", "slug": "replay-protection", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/replay-protection/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A mechanism that makes a transaction valid on only one side of a chain split, preventing it from being rebroadcast on the other chain.", "word_count": 284, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reproducible-builds", "term": "Reproducible Builds", "slug": "reproducible-builds", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reproducible-builds/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A build process where identical source produces bit-for-bit identical binaries, so anyone can confirm a release matches its published code.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reproducible-builds-bitcoin", "term": "Reproducible Builds (Bitcoin)", "slug": "reproducible-builds-bitcoin", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reproducible-builds-bitcoin/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Deterministic compilation that lets many independent builders turn the same source into bit-for-bit identical Bitcoin Core binaries.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "request-scheduling-llm", "term": "Request Scheduling (LLM Serving)", "slug": "request-scheduling-llm", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/request-scheduling-llm/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The policy an LLM server uses to decide which queued requests to admit, batch, or preempt each step to meet latency targets and maximize throughput.", "word_count": 292, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reranking", "term": "Reranking", "slug": "reranking", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reranking/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A second retrieval stage that re-scores top candidate documents with a query-aware model to push the most relevant results to the top.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "residential-mining", "term": "Residential Mining", "slug": "residential-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/residential-mining/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Mining in a home setting, balancing hashrate with noise, heat, and power constraints of residential life.", "word_count": 209, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "residual-connection", "term": "Residual Connection", "slug": "residual-connection", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/residual-connection/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A shortcut adding a layer's input to its output, letting gradients flow through very deep networks.", "word_count": 228, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "resistor", "term": "Resistor", "slug": "resistor", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/resistor/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A passive component that opposes current flow, measured in ohms; sets bias, limits current, and divides voltage in miner circuits.", "word_count": 283, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reticulum", "term": "Reticulum", "slug": "reticulum", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reticulum/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Reticulum is a cryptography-based networking stack that runs over LoRa, packet radio, or the internet, giving every node an encrypted, self-issued identity.", "word_count": 262, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "retrieval-evaluation-metrics", "term": "Retrieval Evaluation Metrics", "slug": "retrieval-evaluation-metrics", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/retrieval-evaluation-metrics/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Quantitative measures (recall@k, precision@k, MRR, NDCG) of how well a retriever surfaces the right documents for a query.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reusable-payment-address", "term": "Reusable Payment Address", "slug": "reusable-payment-address", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reusable-payment-address/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A static, publicly shareable Bitcoin identifier that routes every payment to a fresh one-time address, eliminating address reuse without sender interaction.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reverse-proxy", "term": "Reverse Proxy", "slug": "reverse-proxy", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reverse-proxy/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A server that sits in front of one or more backend services, terminating TLS and routing requests by hostname or path.", "word_count": 295, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reward-hacking", "term": "Reward Hacking", "slug": "reward-hacking", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reward-hacking/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "When an AI exploits flaws in its reward function to score highly while ignoring the outcome its designers actually intended.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reward-model", "term": "Reward Model", "slug": "reward-model", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reward-model/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A neural network trained on human preference comparisons that scores model outputs, supplying the signal optimized during RLHF.", "word_count": 283, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "reward-shaping", "term": "Reward Shaping", "slug": "reward-shaping", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/reward-shaping/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Adding extra intermediate rewards to guide a model toward a goal faster, ideally without changing which final behavior is optimal.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "rgb-protocol", "term": "RGB Protocol", "slug": "rgb-protocol", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/rgb-protocol/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A client-side-validation system for issuing private, scalable assets and smart contracts on Bitcoin and Lightning, keeping data off-chain.", "word_count": 262, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ride-the-lightning-rtl", "term": "Ride The Lightning (RTL)", "slug": "ride-the-lightning-rtl", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ride-the-lightning-rtl/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A device-agnostic web interface for managing Lightning nodes, supporting LND, Core Lightning, and Eclair backends.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "right-to-repair", "term": "Right to Repair", "slug": "right-to-repair", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/right-to-repair/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The legal and practical ability to fix hardware you own — including ASIC miners — using independent parts, tools, and unlocked firmware.", "word_count": 325, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "ring-oscillator", "term": "Ring Oscillator", "slug": "ring-oscillator", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ring-oscillator/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "An odd chain of inverters looped back on itself; its self-sustaining frequency reveals on-chip process, voltage, and temperature variation.", "word_count": 308, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ring-signature", "term": "Ring Signature", "slug": "ring-signature", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ring-signature/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A digital signature any member of a group can produce, hiding which member actually signed within an anonymity set.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "rlaif-reinforcement-learning-from-ai-feedback", "term": "RLAIF (Reinforcement Learning from AI Feedback)", "slug": "rlaif-reinforcement-learning-from-ai-feedback", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/rlaif-reinforcement-learning-from-ai-feedback/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An alignment method that replaces human preference labelers with an AI model judging which response is better, scaling feedback without armies of annotators.", "word_count": 290, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "rlhf-reinforcement-learning-from-human-feedback", "term": "RLHF (Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback)", "slug": "rlhf-reinforcement-learning-from-human-feedback", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/rlhf-reinforcement-learning-from-human-feedback/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Training method that fine-tunes a language model toward human preferences using a learned reward model and reinforcement learning.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "rma-return-merchandise-authorization", "term": "RMA (Return Merchandise Authorization)", "slug": "rma-return-merchandise-authorization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/rma-return-merchandise-authorization/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "An authorized return process letting a buyer send a faulty miner back to the seller or maker for repair, replacement, or refund under warranty.", "word_count": 282, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "rocm", "term": "ROCm", "slug": "rocm", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/rocm/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "AMD's open-source GPU compute platform, an open alternative to CUDA, powered by the portable HIP programming layer.", "word_count": 235, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "roi", "term": "ROI", "slug": "roi", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/roi/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The time for mining profits to pay back the hardware cost. Shorter payback periods are better.", "word_count": 181, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "rollout-reinforcement-learning", "term": "Rollout (Reinforcement Learning)", "slug": "rollout-reinforcement-learning", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/rollout-reinforcement-learning/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A complete trajectory a model generates from a prompt during RL training, including its reasoning, and the raw data the optimizer learns from.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "roofline-model", "term": "Roofline Model", "slug": "roofline-model", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/roofline-model/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A visual performance model that bounds attainable throughput by peak compute and peak memory bandwidth, plotted against operational intensity.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "rootstock", "term": "Rootstock (RSK)", "slug": "rootstock", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/rootstock/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A merge-mined Bitcoin sidechain with an EVM-compatible smart-contract platform and the RBTC pegged asset.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "rotary-position-embedding", "term": "Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE)", "slug": "rotary-position-embedding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/rotary-position-embedding/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A method of encoding token position by rotating query and key vectors, giving transformers relative-position awareness and flexible context length.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "round-amount-heuristic", "term": "Round-Amount Heuristic", "slug": "round-amount-heuristic", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/round-amount-heuristic/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A chain-analysis shortcut that flags the round-numbered output as the payment and the odd-numbered output as change.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "routing-node", "term": "Routing Node", "slug": "routing-node", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/routing-node/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Lightning node that forwards others' payments across its channels for a fee, relaying onion-encrypted HTLCs without seeing the full path or sender.", "word_count": 216, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "rssi", "term": "RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator)", "slug": "rssi", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/rssi/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Measured received radio power in dBm; a negative number closer to zero means a stronger signal on a mesh or LoRa link.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "runes", "term": "Runes", "slug": "runes", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/runes/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A UTXO-based fungible token protocol on Bitcoin by Casey Rodarmor, storing balances in OP_RETURN data.", "word_count": 241, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "rwkv", "term": "RWKV", "slug": "rwkv", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/rwkv/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A linear-attention sequence architecture trainable like a transformer but running inference like an RNN, with constant memory and no KV cache.", "word_count": 331, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sac305-solder-alloy", "term": "SAC305 Solder Alloy", "slug": "sac305-solder-alloy", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sac305-solder-alloy/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A lead-free tin-silver-copper solder (96.5% Sn, 3.0% Ag, 0.5% Cu) that is the de-facto RoHS standard for electronics assembly.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "satoshi-unit", "term": "Satoshi (unit)", "slug": "satoshi-unit", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/satoshi-unit/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The smallest unit of bitcoin: 0.00000001 BTC, so one bitcoin equals 100 million satoshis.", "word_count": 221, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sats-per-terahash", "term": "Sats per Terahash", "slug": "sats-per-terahash", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sats-per-terahash/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Mining revenue measured in satoshis per terahash per day. Shows BTC yield independent of price.", "word_count": 187, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "sats-per-vbyte", "term": "Sats per vByte", "slug": "sats-per-vbyte", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sats-per-vbyte/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The standard Bitcoin fee-rate unit, satoshis per virtual byte, that determines how quickly a transaction is confirmed.", "word_count": 223, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sbi-crypto-pool", "term": "SBI Crypto Pool", "slug": "sbi-crypto-pool", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sbi-crypto-pool/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Bitcoin mining pool run by SBI Crypto, a subsidiary of Japan's SBI Holdings, opened to the public in 2021 with PPS and FPPS payouts.", "word_count": 202, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "scaling-laws", "term": "Scaling Laws", "slug": "scaling-laws", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/scaling-laws/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Empirical power-law relationships showing AI model loss falls predictably as parameters, training data, and compute increase.", "word_count": 288, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "schelling-point", "term": "Schelling Point", "slug": "schelling-point", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/schelling-point/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A solution people converge on without communicating, because it seems naturally salient — a key concept for explaining decentralized coordination.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "schematic", "term": "Schematic", "slug": "schematic", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/schematic/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A diagram showing a circuit's components and electrical connections; with a boardview it lets a technician trace hashboard faults without guesswork.", "word_count": 208, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "schnorr-batch-verification", "term": "Schnorr Batch Verification", "slug": "schnorr-batch-verification", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/schnorr-batch-verification/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A BIP340 technique that verifies many Schnorr signatures together in one combined operation, faster than checking each individually.", "word_count": 280, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "schnorr-signature", "term": "Schnorr Signature", "slug": "schnorr-signature", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/schnorr-signature/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A 64-byte signature scheme activated with Taproot (BIP340) that is smaller than ECDSA and enables key and signature aggregation.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "script-stack", "term": "Script Stack", "slug": "script-stack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/script-stack/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The last-in-first-out data structure Bitcoin Script operates on as it evaluates the unlocking and locking scripts of a transaction.", "word_count": 252, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sd-card-flashing", "term": "SD Card Flashing (Control Board Recovery)", "slug": "sd-card-flashing", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sd-card-flashing/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Recovering a non-booting ASIC by booting a firmware image from a microSD card, then optionally reflashing the on-board storage.", "word_count": 232, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sd-jwt", "term": "SD-JWT", "slug": "sd-jwt", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sd-jwt/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An IETF format that adds selective disclosure to JSON Web Tokens using salted hashes, letting a holder reveal only chosen claims.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sealed-sender", "term": "Sealed Sender", "slug": "sealed-sender", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sealed-sender/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A Signal feature that hides the sender's identity from the server, so it learns the recipient but not who sent the message.", "word_count": 286, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "secp256k1", "term": "secp256k1", "slug": "secp256k1", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/secp256k1/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The specific elliptic curve y² = x³ + 7 over a 256-bit prime field that Bitcoin uses for all of its keys and signatures.", "word_count": 242, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "secure-boot", "term": "Secure Boot", "slug": "secure-boot", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/secure-boot/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A firmware feature that verifies each boot component's cryptographic signature, blocking unsigned or tampered code from loading at startup.", "word_count": 308, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "secure-element", "term": "Secure Element", "slug": "secure-element", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/secure-element/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A tamper-resistant chip that securely stores keys and runs cryptographic code in isolation; the security core of most Bitcoin hardware wallets.", "word_count": 291, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "seed-phrase", "term": "Seed Phrase", "slug": "seed-phrase", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/seed-phrase/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A 12- or 24-word BIP39 backup of a wallet's master seed; recovering the words restores every key and address. The most sensitive object in self-custody.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "seed-xor", "term": "Seed XOR", "slug": "seed-xor", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/seed-xor/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A method that XORs two or more BIP-39 phrases bit-by-bit so all parts are required to reconstruct the original seed.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "seedsigner", "term": "SeedSigner", "slug": "seedsigner", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/seedsigner/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Open-source, DIY, air-gapped Bitcoin signer built on a Raspberry Pi Zero that holds no key state between sessions and communicates only via QR codes.", "word_count": 220, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "segwit", "term": "SegWit", "slug": "segwit", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/segwit/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A 2017 upgrade that increased block capacity by separating signature data and enabled the Lightning Network.", "word_count": 177, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "seigniorage", "term": "Seigniorage", "slug": "seigniorage", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/seigniorage/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The profit an issuer earns from creating money: the gap between a unit's face value and the cost of producing and putting it into circulation.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "selective-disclosure", "term": "Selective Disclosure", "slug": "selective-disclosure", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/selective-disclosure/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Revealing only the specific claims a verifier needs from a credential while keeping the rest cryptographically hidden yet still verifiable.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "selective-state-space", "term": "Selective State Space", "slug": "selective-state-space", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/selective-state-space/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Mamba's core mechanism (S6) making state-space parameters depend on the input so the model can selectively keep or forget information per token.", "word_count": 293, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "self-attention", "term": "Self-Attention", "slug": "self-attention", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/self-attention/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Mechanism letting each token weigh all others in a sequence, computed via query, key, and value vectors.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "self-consistency", "term": "Self-Consistency", "slug": "self-consistency", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/self-consistency/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A method that samples several independent reasoning paths from a model and takes a majority vote on the final answer to boost reliability.", "word_count": 297, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "self-custody", "term": "Self-Custody", "slug": "self-custody", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/self-custody/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Holding your own Bitcoin private keys rather than entrusting them to a third party — the practical meaning of \"not your keys, not your coins.\"", "word_count": 238, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "self-custody-compute", "term": "Self-Custody (Compute)", "slug": "self-custody-compute", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/self-custody-compute/", "category": "", "definition": "Applying the Bitcoin self-custody principle to computing: run your workloads on hardware you own, with no cloud provider standing between you and your compute.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-15" }, { "id": "self-hosted-wallet-regulatory-view", "term": "Self-Hosted Wallet (Regulatory View)", "slug": "self-hosted-wallet-regulatory-view", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/self-hosted-wallet-regulatory-view/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Regulators' term (also \"unhosted\" or \"non-custodial\") for a wallet whose user holds the keys, sitting outside the licensed perimeter.", "word_count": 279, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "self-hosting", "term": "Self-Hosting", "slug": "self-hosting", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/self-hosting/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Running your own software and storing your own data on hardware you control, instead of renting access through someone else's cloud.", "word_count": 324, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "self-refine-iterative-refinement", "term": "Self-Refine (Iterative Refinement)", "slug": "self-refine-iterative-refinement", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/self-refine-iterative-refinement/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A single-model technique where an LLM critiques its own output and rewrites it across several rounds, with no extra training or reward model.", "word_count": 281, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "self-signed-certificate-tls", "term": "Self-Signed Certificate / TLS", "slug": "self-signed-certificate-tls", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/self-signed-certificate-tls/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "TLS encrypts and authenticates connections via certificates; a self-signed one is issued by yourself rather than a trusted authority.", "word_count": 305, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "self-sovereign-identity-ssi", "term": "Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI)", "slug": "self-sovereign-identity-ssi", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/self-sovereign-identity-ssi/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A model where individuals hold and control their own identity data in a personal wallet, instead of renting it from platforms or governments.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "self-supervised-learning", "term": "Self-Supervised Learning", "slug": "self-supervised-learning", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/self-supervised-learning/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A training paradigm where a model generates its own labels from unlabeled data via pretext tasks, learning representations without human annotation.", "word_count": 236, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "selfish-mining", "term": "Selfish Mining", "slug": "selfish-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/selfish-mining/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A strategy of withholding mined blocks to gain advantage over honest miners. Theoretical but rarely observed.", "word_count": 195, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "semantic-kernel", "term": "Semantic Kernel", "slug": "semantic-kernel", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/semantic-kernel/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An open-source, model-agnostic Microsoft SDK for orchestrating prompts, functions, memory, and agents in C#, Python, and Java.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "semantic-search", "term": "Semantic Search", "slug": "semantic-search", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/semantic-search/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Retrieval by meaning rather than keywords, comparing vector embeddings of a query against a corpus and ranking by similarity.", "word_count": 317, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "semiconductor-die", "term": "Semiconductor Die", "slug": "semiconductor-die", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/semiconductor-die/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A single rectangular block of semiconductor cut from a finished wafer that contains one complete integrated circuit, such as a mining ASIC.", "word_count": 218, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "semiconductor-yield", "term": "Semiconductor Yield", "slug": "semiconductor-yield", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/semiconductor-yield/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The fraction of dies on a wafer that work correctly; it is set mainly by defect density and die size and largely determines chip cost.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sentence-embedding", "term": "Sentence Embedding", "slug": "sentence-embedding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sentence-embedding/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A single dense vector that captures the meaning of a whole sentence or passage, enabling direct semantic comparison of texts.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sequence-number-nsequence", "term": "Sequence Number (nSequence)", "slug": "sequence-number-nsequence", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sequence-number-nsequence/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A 4-byte per-input field that gates relative timelocks (BIP68) and signals replace-by-fee, while also enabling transaction-level locktime.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "serial-console", "term": "Serial Console", "slug": "serial-console", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/serial-console/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A low-level text interface to a device's command line and boot messages over a serial/UART port, used to manage and recover headless mining hardware.", "word_count": 265, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sglang", "term": "SGLang", "slug": "sglang", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sglang/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An open-source LLM serving framework that uses RadixAttention prefix caching and fast structured-output decoding.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sha-256", "term": "SHA-256", "slug": "sha-256", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sha-256/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The cryptographic algorithm Bitcoin uses for mining. ASIC chips are designed specifically to compute SHA-256 at high speed.", "word_count": 184, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "sha-256-midstate", "term": "SHA-256 Midstate", "slug": "sha-256-midstate", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sha-256-midstate/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The precomputed hash state of a block header's first 64-byte chunk, reused across nonce iterations so only the second chunk is re-hashed.", "word_count": 222, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "shadow-deployment", "term": "Shadow Deployment", "slug": "shadow-deployment", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/shadow-deployment/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Running a new model on duplicated live traffic without serving its outputs to users, so it can be evaluated risk-free in production.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "shamir-secret-sharing", "term": "Shamir’s Secret Sharing (SLIP-39)", "slug": "shamir-secret-sharing", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/shamir-secret-sharing/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A threshold scheme that splits a seed into N shares where any K reconstruct it, standardized for wallets as SLIP-39.", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "shamirs-secret-sharing-slip39", "term": "Shamir’s Secret Sharing (SLIP39)", "slug": "shamirs-secret-sharing-slip39", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/shamirs-secret-sharing-slip39/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A scheme that splits a wallet seed into shares where any threshold reconstructs it, but fewer than that reveal nothing; SLIP39 standardizes it for Bitcoin.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "share", "term": "Share", "slug": "share", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/share/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A partial proof of work submitted to a pool to prove your miner is working. Used to calculate your reward share.", "word_count": 188, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "share-difficulty", "term": "Share Difficulty", "slug": "share-difficulty", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/share-difficulty/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The reduced target a pool assigns each miner; hashes that beat it count as shares, proving work without needing a full block.", "word_count": 226, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "short-circuit", "term": "Short Circuit", "slug": "short-circuit", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/short-circuit/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "An unintended low-resistance path that lets excessive current flow; on a hashboard a shorted MOSFET or capacitor is a classic, current-pegging fault.", "word_count": 230, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "shroud", "term": "Shroud", "slug": "shroud", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/shroud/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A duct attachment for directing miner airflow. Essential for home mining heat management and noise reduction.", "word_count": 188, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "side-channel-attack", "term": "Side-Channel Attack", "slug": "side-channel-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/side-channel-attack/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An attack that recovers secret keys by measuring physical leakage, power draw, timing, or electromagnetic emissions, rather than breaking the math.", "word_count": 320, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sighash", "term": "SIGHASH", "slug": "sighash", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sighash/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A flag appended to each Bitcoin signature that specifies which inputs and outputs the signature commits to, e.g. SIGHASH_ALL or SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY.", "word_count": 290, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sighash-flags", "term": "SIGHASH Flags", "slug": "sighash-flags", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sighash-flags/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bytes appended to a Bitcoin signature that select which parts of a transaction the signature commits to, enabling flexible spending policies.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sighash-anyonecanpay", "term": "SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY", "slug": "sighash-anyonecanpay", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sighash-anyonecanpay/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A SIGHASH modifier (0x80) that signs only the current input, letting other parties freely add their own inputs to a Bitcoin transaction.", "word_count": 252, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sighash-anyprevout", "term": "SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT (APO)", "slug": "sighash-anyprevout", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sighash-anyprevout/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A proposed signature mode (BIP 118) letting a signature not commit to the exact UTXO spent, so it can be rebound to other matching outputs.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "signal-protocol", "term": "Signal Protocol", "slug": "signal-protocol", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/signal-protocol/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The end-to-end encryption framework combining X3DH key agreement and the Double Ratchet to secure asynchronous messaging.", "word_count": 307, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "signature-aggregation", "term": "Signature Aggregation", "slug": "signature-aggregation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/signature-aggregation/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Combining multiple Bitcoin signatures or keys into a single Schnorr signature, shrinking multisig on-chain to look like a single signer.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "signature-operations-sigops", "term": "Signature Operations (Sigops)", "slug": "signature-operations-sigops", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/signature-operations-sigops/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A weighted count of script signature-checking opcodes; capped at 80,000 per block and 16,000 per standard transaction to bound validation cost.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "signet", "term": "Signet", "slug": "signet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/signet/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A signed Bitcoin test network (BIP 325) where each block carries an authorised signature, giving predictable, mainnet-like block timing.", "word_count": 228, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sigop-budget", "term": "Sigop Budget (Tapscript)", "slug": "sigop-budget", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sigop-budget/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Tapscript's per-input limit on signature checks: a budget of 50 plus the witness byte size, decremented 50 per non-empty signature verified.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "silent-payment-scan-key", "term": "Silent Payment Scan Key", "slug": "silent-payment-scan-key", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/silent-payment-scan-key/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "In BIP352 silent payments, the always-online key used to detect incoming outputs, kept separate from the cold-storage spend key for safer hot scanning.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "silent-payments", "term": "Silent Payments (BIP352)", "slug": "silent-payments", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/silent-payments/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Bitcoin standard letting a static, reusable address receive funds at a unique on-chain address each time, with no notification transaction.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "silicon-carbide-sic", "term": "Silicon Carbide (SiC)", "slug": "silicon-carbide-sic", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/silicon-carbide-sic/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A wide-bandgap semiconductor (~3.26 eV) used in high-voltage MOSFETs with a high breakdown field and thermal conductivity for efficient power conversion.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "silicon-interposer", "term": "Silicon Interposer", "slug": "silicon-interposer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/silicon-interposer/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A passive silicon layer with fine wiring and through-silicon vias that connects multiple dies side by side at very high interconnect density.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "silicon-wafer", "term": "Silicon Wafer", "slug": "silicon-wafer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/silicon-wafer/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A thin, polished disc of monocrystalline silicon on which hundreds of ASIC dies are fabricated simultaneously before being cut apart.", "word_count": 234, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "silkscreen", "term": "Silkscreen", "slug": "silkscreen", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/silkscreen/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "The printed ink layer on a PCB showing component labels, outlines, and markings; aids assembly and diagnosis.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "simple-cycle", "term": "Simple Cycle", "slug": "simple-cycle", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/simple-cycle/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A gas turbine that generates power directly from combustion without recovering exhaust heat; ~33-43% efficient but fast to dispatch.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "simplex-chat", "term": "SimpleX Chat", "slug": "simplex-chat", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/simplex-chat/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Open-source messenger with no user identifiers of any kind; uses rotating per-queue addresses and double-ratchet end-to-end encryption.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "simplicity-language", "term": "Simplicity (Bitcoin Smart Contract Language)", "slug": "simplicity-language", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/simplicity-language/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A typed, formally verifiable functional language for blockchain contracts by Blockstream; live on Liquid, not yet on Bitcoin mainnet.", "word_count": 283, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "spv", "term": "Simplified Payment Verification (SPV)", "slug": "spv", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/spv/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A method from the Bitcoin whitepaper for verifying a transaction is in a block using only block headers and a Merkle proof.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "simpo-simple-preference-optimization", "term": "SimPO (Simple Preference Optimization)", "slug": "simpo-simple-preference-optimization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/simpo-simple-preference-optimization/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A reference-free preference method using a length-normalized reward and a target margin, aligning the training reward with generation likelihood.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "single-phase-immersion-cooling", "term": "Single-Phase Immersion Cooling", "slug": "single-phase-immersion-cooling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/single-phase-immersion-cooling/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Immersion cooling where the dielectric fluid stays liquid throughout, pumped past hot ASICs to a heat exchanger and back without boiling.", "word_count": 297, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sliding-window-attention", "term": "Sliding Window Attention", "slug": "sliding-window-attention", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sliding-window-attention/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An efficient attention pattern where each token attends only to a fixed-size window of nearby tokens, cutting cost from quadratic to linear.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "small-modular-reactor-smr", "term": "Small Modular Reactor (SMR)", "slug": "small-modular-reactor-smr", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/small-modular-reactor-smr/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A factory-built nuclear reactor under 300 MWe, proposed as clean, dispatchable baseload power for data centers and large-scale mining.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "smt-stencil", "term": "SMT Stencil", "slug": "smt-stencil", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/smt-stencil/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A thin laser-cut metal sheet with openings matching a board's pads, used to print solder paste evenly for surface-mount assembly and rework.", "word_count": 243, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "snowflake-transport", "term": "Snowflake (Transport)", "slug": "snowflake-transport", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/snowflake-transport/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A pluggable transport that routes blocked traffic through temporary volunteer browser proxies over WebRTC, disguising it as a video call.", "word_count": 236, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "snr-radio", "term": "SNR (Radio)", "slug": "snr-radio", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/snr-radio/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Signal-to-noise ratio in dB: how far a received radio signal sits above the noise floor; LoRa can decode below 0 dB.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "social-recovery", "term": "Social Recovery", "slug": "social-recovery", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/social-recovery/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A recovery model where a set of trusted guardians can collectively restore wallet access after a key is lost, usually with a time delay.", "word_count": 311, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "soft-fork", "term": "Soft Fork", "slug": "soft-fork", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/soft-fork/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A backward-compatible protocol upgrade. Old nodes still accept new blocks without upgrading.", "word_count": 172, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "soft-fork-activation", "term": "Soft Fork Activation", "slug": "soft-fork-activation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/soft-fork-activation/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The methods used to roll out a backward-compatible consensus rule change, from flag days to BIP9 version bits, BIP8, and Speedy Trial.", "word_count": 242, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "soft-prompt", "term": "Soft Prompt", "slug": "soft-prompt", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/soft-prompt/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A learnable tensor of virtual-token vectors concatenated with a model's input embeddings, trained to steer a frozen model instead of editing text prompts.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "soft-start", "term": "Soft Start", "slug": "soft-start", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/soft-start/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A circuit that ramps a power supply's input current gradually at switch-on to limit inrush and protect components.", "word_count": 265, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "soft-switching", "term": "Soft Switching (ZVS/ZCS)", "slug": "soft-switching", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/soft-switching/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Turning power transistors on/off when voltage (ZVS) or current (ZCS) is near zero, slashing switching loss and EMI and enabling high-frequency converters.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "softmax", "term": "Softmax", "slug": "softmax", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/softmax/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A function that converts a vector of raw scores into a probability distribution; it powers attention weights and next-token prediction in transformers.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "solar-powered-mining", "term": "Solar-Powered Mining", "slug": "solar-powered-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/solar-powered-mining/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Running Bitcoin miners on photovoltaic (PV) electricity, either off-grid with battery support or behind-the-meter to absorb surplus solar output.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "solder-bridge", "term": "Solder Bridge", "slug": "solder-bridge", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/solder-bridge/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "An unintended blob of solder connecting two adjacent pads or pins, creating a short circuit between conductors that should be separate.", "word_count": 243, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "solder-joint-fatigue", "term": "Solder Joint Fatigue", "slug": "solder-joint-fatigue", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/solder-joint-fatigue/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Crack growth in a solder joint from repeated mechanical or thermal strain cycles, ending in an intermittent or open connection.", "word_count": 284, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "solder-mask", "term": "Solder Mask", "slug": "solder-mask", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/solder-mask/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "The polymer layer (usually green) covering PCB copper to prevent bridging and corrosion; exposed at solderable pads.", "word_count": 265, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "solder-paste", "term": "Solder Paste", "slug": "solder-paste", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/solder-paste/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A blend of powdered solder and flux applied to pads before placing parts, then melted in reflow to form joints during surface-mount rework.", "word_count": 243, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "solder-wick", "term": "Solder Wick (Desoldering Braid)", "slug": "solder-wick", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/solder-wick/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Flux-coated copper braid that absorbs molten solder by capillary action, used to clean pads and remove joints during rework.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "solo-block", "term": "Solo Block", "slug": "solo-block", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/solo-block/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "A block found by a solo miner earning the full reward. Rare for small miners but hugely celebrated.", "word_count": 203, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "solo-lottery-mining", "term": "Solo Lottery Mining", "slug": "solo-lottery-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/solo-lottery-mining/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Mining for a full Bitcoin block reward with modest hardware, accepting very long odds for the chance at the entire block payout.", "word_count": 304, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "solo-mining", "term": "Solo Mining", "slug": "solo-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/solo-mining/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "Mining on your own without a pool. Low odds but you keep the full block reward if you win.", "word_count": 195, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "sopr", "term": "SOPR", "slug": "sopr", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sopr/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Spent Output Profit Ratio: price coins sold for divided by price paid, indicating whether moved coins realized profit or loss.", "word_count": 226, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sound-money", "term": "Sound Money", "slug": "sound-money", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sound-money/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Money that is hard to produce and politically neutral, so its supply cannot be easily inflated by any single issuer.", "word_count": 302, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sovereign-ai", "term": "Sovereign AI", "slug": "sovereign-ai", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sovereign-ai/", "category": "", "definition": "Sovereign AI means running AI models on hardware you own and control — no cloud dependency, no API terms of service, no data leaving your facility.", "word_count": 290, "last_modified": "2026-06-15" }, { "id": "sovereign-individual", "term": "Sovereign Individual", "slug": "sovereign-individual", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sovereign-individual/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A person empowered by technology, especially cryptographic money, to live and transact independently of any single state's control.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sovereign-rollup", "term": "Sovereign Rollup", "slug": "sovereign-rollup", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sovereign-rollup/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A rollup that posts transactions to a base chain for data availability and ordering but handles its own settlement, needing no base-layer changes.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sovereign-stack", "term": "Sovereign Stack", "slug": "sovereign-stack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sovereign-stack/", "category": "", "definition": "The Sovereign Stack layers Bitcoin, local AI, mesh networking, Nostr, and energy independence into a single self-sufficient infrastructure framework.", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-15" }, { "id": "space-heater-mining", "term": "Space Heater Mining", "slug": "space-heater-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/space-heater-mining/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Using miners as heaters that also earn Bitcoin. 100% of electricity becomes useful heat in cold weather.", "word_count": 212, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "spacechain", "term": "Spacechain", "slug": "spacechain", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/spacechain/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A proposed Bitcoin sidechain secured by blind merged mining — anchored to Bitcoin via fee-paid commitments with no federation; the trustless peg remains the open problem.", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sparrow-wallet", "term": "Sparrow Wallet", "slug": "sparrow-wallet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sparrow-wallet/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A Bitcoin desktop wallet focused on transparency and control: coin control, full PSBT, multisig, and connection to your own node.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sparse-attention", "term": "Sparse Attention", "slug": "sparse-attention", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sparse-attention/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A family of attention patterns that let each token attend to a subset of others rather than all of them, lowering cost from quadratic toward linear.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "spdx-identifier", "term": "SPDX Identifier", "slug": "spdx-identifier", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/spdx-identifier/", "category": "Open Source Mining", "definition": "A standardized short code, such as GPL-3.0-or-later or MIT, that uniquely and machine-readably names a specific software license.", "word_count": 226, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "special-tokens", "term": "Special Tokens", "slug": "special-tokens", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/special-tokens/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Reserved vocabulary entries like BOS, EOS, and PAD that mark structure or control signals rather than ordinary text content.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "specter-desktop", "term": "Specter Desktop", "slug": "specter-desktop", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/specter-desktop/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An open-source interface for managing Bitcoin self-custody, designed to work with your own Bitcoin Core node and multisig signing devices.", "word_count": 243, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "speculative-decoding", "term": "Speculative Decoding", "slug": "speculative-decoding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/speculative-decoding/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An inference speed-up where a small draft model proposes tokens and the large model verifies them in parallel, with no change in output quality.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "speech-to-text", "term": "Speech-to-Text", "slug": "speech-to-text", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/speech-to-text/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Automatic speech recognition that converts spoken audio into written text, exemplified by OpenAI's open-weight Whisper model.", "word_count": 291, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "speedy-trial", "term": "Speedy Trial", "slug": "speedy-trial", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/speedy-trial/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Bitcoin soft-fork activation method using a short three-month signaling window so a proposal activates or fails quickly; it activated Taproot.", "word_count": 225, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "spi", "term": "SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)", "slug": "spi", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/spi/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A synchronous, full-duplex serial bus a controller uses to talk to memory and sensor chips over four wires: clock, two data lines, and chip select.", "word_count": 288, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "spi-bus", "term": "SPI Bus (Serial Peripheral Interface)", "slug": "spi-bus", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/spi-bus/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A fast four-wire synchronous serial bus used to connect a control-board processor to flash memory and peripherals on ASIC miners.", "word_count": 236, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "spinning-reserve", "term": "Spinning Reserve", "slug": "spinning-reserve", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/spinning-reserve/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Backup capacity already synchronized to the grid that can ramp output within minutes to cover a sudden generation loss.", "word_count": 288, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "splice-in", "term": "Splice-In", "slug": "splice-in", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/splice-in/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Adding on-chain funds to a live Lightning channel in a single transaction, without closing and reopening it.", "word_count": 246, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "splice-out", "term": "Splice-Out", "slug": "splice-out", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/splice-out/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Withdrawing on-chain funds from a live Lightning channel in one transaction, reducing capacity without closing the channel.", "word_count": 243, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "splicing", "term": "Splicing", "slug": "splicing", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/splicing/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Lightning upgrade that resizes a channel by adding or removing funds in a single on-chain transaction, without closing it or interrupting routing.", "word_count": 224, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "spreading-factor", "term": "Spreading Factor (LoRa)", "slug": "spreading-factor", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/spreading-factor/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Spreading Factor sets how slowly LoRa spreads data across the radio band — higher SF means longer range but slower throughput and more airtime.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "spv-mining", "term": "SPV Mining (Validationless Mining)", "slug": "spv-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/spv-mining/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Building on a new block's header before fully validating its transactions — faster, but risky: it can extend an invalid chain.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ssh-access-to-a-miner", "term": "SSH Access (to a Miner)", "slug": "ssh-access-to-a-miner", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ssh-access-to-a-miner/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A command-line login to an ASIC miner's embedded Linux, giving lower-level control than the web UI when the firmware permits it.", "word_count": 243, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "stacking-sats", "term": "Stacking Sats", "slug": "stacking-sats", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/stacking-sats/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Bitcoin community phrase for steadily accumulating satoshis, the smallest unit of bitcoin, in small recurring amounts over time.", "word_count": 244, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "stale-block", "term": "Stale Block", "slug": "stale-block", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/stale-block/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "A valid block not included in the main chain because a competing block was accepted first.", "word_count": 187, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "stale-share", "term": "Stale Share", "slug": "stale-share", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/stale-share/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A share that was valid when computed but arrived after the pool already moved to a new block template, so it earns nothing.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "standardness", "term": "Standardness", "slug": "standardness", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/standardness/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin Core's relay-policy rules that a transaction must satisfy to be accepted into the mempool, stricter than the consensus rules a block must follow.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "starlink", "term": "Starlink", "slug": "starlink", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/starlink/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "SpaceX low-Earth-orbit satellite broadband constellation delivering ~20-60 ms latency internet to remote sites without terrestrial infrastructure.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "startos-start9", "term": "StartOS (Start9)", "slug": "startos-start9", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/startos-start9/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An open-source operating system from Start9 for personal servers, letting users self-host Bitcoin nodes and other software from a marketplace.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "state-space-duality", "term": "State Space Duality", "slug": "state-space-duality", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/state-space-duality/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The Mamba-2 framework proving certain state-space models and masked attention are equivalent, with linear-time and quadratic-time dual computations.", "word_count": 293, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "state-space-model-mamba", "term": "State Space Model (Mamba)", "slug": "state-space-model-mamba", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/state-space-model-mamba/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A sequence architecture using selective state space dynamics; Mamba offers linear-time, long-context modeling as an efficient alternative to transformers.", "word_count": 293, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "statechain", "term": "Statechain", "slug": "statechain", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/statechain/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "An off-chain protocol that transfers ownership of a whole Bitcoin UTXO via key handoff, coordinated by a statechain entity.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "static-pressure", "term": "Static Pressure", "slug": "static-pressure", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/static-pressure/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The force a fan exerts to push air through resistance like dense heatsinks or filters, distinct from raw airflow volume.", "word_count": 262, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "stealth-address", "term": "Stealth Address", "slug": "stealth-address", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/stealth-address/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A privacy technique where a static published address receives every payment at a unique one-time on-chain address; the precursor to BIP47 and Silent Payments.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "steel-seed-backup", "term": "Steel Seed Backup", "slug": "steel-seed-backup", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/steel-seed-backup/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A seed phrase recorded on stainless steel or titanium to survive fire, flood, and corrosion that would destroy paper.", "word_count": 291, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "stereo-microscope", "term": "Stereo Microscope (Bench Microscope)", "slug": "stereo-microscope", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/stereo-microscope/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A low-power dual-path microscope giving a 3D view of a board, essential for inspecting and reworking fine-pitch ASIC and SMT joints.", "word_count": 237, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "stock-to-flow-ratio", "term": "Stock-to-Flow Ratio", "slug": "stock-to-flow-ratio", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/stock-to-flow-ratio/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A scarcity measure dividing existing supply (stock) by annual new production (flow); higher means harder to inflate.", "word_count": 283, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "store-and-forward", "term": "Store and Forward", "slug": "store-and-forward", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/store-and-forward/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A relay node caches messages while recipients are offline, then replays them on request once those nodes return to range.", "word_count": 279, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "store-of-value", "term": "Store of Value", "slug": "store-of-value", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/store-of-value/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "An asset that reliably preserves purchasing power over time, letting holders transfer value into the future.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "stranded-energy", "term": "Stranded Energy", "slug": "stranded-energy", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/stranded-energy/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Energy that cannot reach consumers economically. Bitcoin mining can convert stranded energy into value on-site.", "word_count": 204, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "stratum-mining-channel", "term": "Stratum Mining Channel", "slug": "stratum-mining-channel", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/stratum-mining-channel/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A logical communication path in Stratum V2 between a miner and an upstream server; channels come in standard, extended, and group types.", "word_count": 286, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "stratum-mining-protocol-v1", "term": "Stratum Mining Protocol (v1)", "slug": "stratum-mining-protocol-v1", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/stratum-mining-protocol-v1/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The JSON-RPC protocol pools use to send work to miners and collect shares, built on mining.subscribe, mining.notify, and mining.submit.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "stratum-protocol", "term": "Stratum Protocol", "slug": "stratum-protocol", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/stratum-protocol/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The protocol miners use to communicate with pools. Stratum v2 adds encryption and miner-selected transactions.", "word_count": 205, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "stratum-v1", "term": "Stratum V1", "slug": "stratum-v1", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/stratum-v1/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The legacy plaintext JSON-RPC protocol connecting miners to pools; widely deployed but unencrypted and unable to let miners choose transactions.", "word_count": 251, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "stratum-v2", "term": "Stratum V2", "slug": "stratum-v2", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/stratum-v2/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Next-generation Bitcoin mining protocol with encrypted binary framing, lower bandwidth, and optional miner-side block template selection.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "structured-output", "term": "Structured Output (JSON Mode)", "slug": "structured-output", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/structured-output/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Constraining an LLM to emit valid, schema-conformant output such as JSON, so its responses can be parsed reliably by software.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "stubborn-mining", "term": "Stubborn Mining", "slug": "stubborn-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/stubborn-mining/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A generalization of selfish mining where the attacker refuses to give up its private branch even when behind, sometimes turning losses into wins.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sub-quadratic-attention", "term": "Sub-Quadratic Attention", "slug": "sub-quadratic-attention", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sub-quadratic-attention/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Any sequence-mixing method whose cost grows slower than the square of sequence length, enabling long-context models without runaway memory.", "word_count": 304, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "submarine-swap", "term": "Submarine Swap", "slug": "submarine-swap", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/submarine-swap/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A trustless atomic swap between on-chain Bitcoin and Lightning balance, using an HTLC so both legs settle together or not at all.", "word_count": 209, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "subnet-cidr", "term": "Subnet / CIDR", "slug": "subnet-cidr", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/subnet-cidr/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A subnet divides an IP network into smaller segments; CIDR notation (e.g. /24) expresses how many bits identify the network.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "superficial-loss-rule", "term": "Superficial Loss Rule", "slug": "superficial-loss-rule", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/superficial-loss-rule/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A CRA rule denying a capital loss if you repurchase the same property within 30 days; the loss is added to the new ACB instead.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "supply-chain-attack", "term": "Supply Chain Attack (Hardware)", "slug": "supply-chain-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/supply-chain-attack/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Compromise of hardware before it reaches the buyer, via implants, counterfeit parts, or tampered firmware inserted during manufacturing or shipping.", "word_count": 319, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "surge-protection", "term": "Surge Protection", "slug": "surge-protection", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/surge-protection/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Devices that clamp transient overvoltages from lightning or switching, diverting surge energy to ground before it damages equipment.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "surveillance-capitalism", "term": "Surveillance Capitalism", "slug": "surveillance-capitalism", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/surveillance-capitalism/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An economic model that claims private human experience as free raw material, turns it into behavioral data, and sells predictions about your future actions.", "word_count": 304, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sweep", "term": "Sweep (Wallet)", "slug": "sweep", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sweep/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Moving all funds from an external private key into a wallet you control, leaving the original key empty so a leaked copy can never spend them.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "switchboard", "term": "Switchboard", "slug": "switchboard", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/switchboard/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A floor- or wall-mounted assembly that takes one large electrical feed and distributes it to multiple lower-rated circuits, each with its own protection.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "switchgear", "term": "Switchgear", "slug": "switchgear", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/switchgear/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Assemblies of breakers, switches, and busbars that protect, control, and isolate the electrical circuits feeding a mining facility.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "switching-frequency", "term": "Switching Frequency", "slug": "switching-frequency", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/switching-frequency/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The rate a converter's power transistors turn on and off; higher frequency shrinks magnetics but raises switching loss and EMI, a core design trade-off.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sybil-attack", "term": "Sybil Attack", "slug": "sybil-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sybil-attack/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "An attack where one adversary spins up many fake peer identities on a network to gain disproportionate influence over honest nodes.", "word_count": 281, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "sycophancy-llm", "term": "Sycophancy (LLM)", "slug": "sycophancy-llm", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/sycophancy-llm/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A model's tendency to tell users what they want to hear, prioritizing agreement over truthfulness, often reinforced during RLHF.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "synchronous-rectification", "term": "Synchronous Rectification", "slug": "synchronous-rectification", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/synchronous-rectification/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Replacing output diodes with actively driven MOSFETs in a converter to cut the rectifier voltage drop and boost efficiency at low-voltage, high-current outputs.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "synthetic-data", "term": "Synthetic Data", "slug": "synthetic-data", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/synthetic-data/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Artificially generated data that mimics the statistical properties of real data, used to train or test AI without exposing real records.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "synthetic-inertia", "term": "Synthetic Inertia", "slug": "synthetic-inertia", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/synthetic-inertia/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Inverter control that mimics a spinning generator's inertial response to slow frequency change in low-inertia grids; also called virtual inertia.", "word_count": 256, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "system-bus", "term": "System Bus", "slug": "system-bus", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/system-bus/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The shared communication pathway that moves data, addresses, and control signals between a CPU, memory, and peripherals inside a device.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "system-prompt", "term": "System Prompt", "slug": "system-prompt", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/system-prompt/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The hidden, high-priority instruction that sets an LLM's role, rules, and tone before any user message in a conversation.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "system-on-chip-soc", "term": "System-on-Chip (SoC)", "slug": "system-on-chip-soc", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/system-on-chip-soc/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A single chip integrating CPU, memory controllers, and I/O on one die; the Antminer control board's SoC is a Xilinx Zynq.", "word_count": 228, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tails-os", "term": "Tails OS", "slug": "tails-os", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tails-os/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Amnesic live operating system that boots from USB, routes all traffic through Tor, and leaves no trace on the host machine after shutdown.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tainted-coins", "term": "Tainted Coins", "slug": "tainted-coins", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tainted-coins/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Coins flagged by blockchain analysis as linked to illicit history; a concept that challenges Bitcoin's fungibility.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tapbranch", "term": "TapBranch", "slug": "tapbranch", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tapbranch/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The tagged hash that combines two child nodes into a parent when building a Taproot script tree, ordering the inputs lexicographically.", "word_count": 229, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tape-out", "term": "Tape-Out", "slug": "tape-out", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tape-out/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The milestone where a finished chip design is frozen and sent to the foundry to manufacture the photomasks and begin fabrication.", "word_count": 230, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tapleaf", "term": "Tapleaf", "slug": "tapleaf", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tapleaf/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A single leaf in a Taproot script tree, pairing a leaf version with a Bitcoin script and hashed into a TapLeaf commitment.", "word_count": 239, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "taproot", "term": "Taproot", "slug": "taproot", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/taproot/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A 2021 upgrade adding Schnorr signatures for better privacy and efficiency in complex Bitcoin transactions.", "word_count": 182, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "taproot-bip341", "term": "Taproot (BIP341)", "slug": "taproot-bip341", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/taproot-bip341/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A 2021 Bitcoin soft fork that hides complex spending conditions behind a single Schnorr key, so most spends look identical on-chain.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "taproot-annex", "term": "Taproot Annex", "slug": "taproot-annex", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/taproot-annex/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "An optional, currently undefined Taproot witness field marked by a 0x50 prefix, reserved for future Bitcoin soft-fork extensions.", "word_count": 244, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "taproot-assets", "term": "Taproot Assets", "slug": "taproot-assets", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/taproot-assets/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Lightning Labs protocol (formerly Taro) for issuing assets like stablecoins on Bitcoin and transferring them over Lightning.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "taproot-internal-key", "term": "Taproot Internal Key", "slug": "taproot-internal-key", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/taproot-internal-key/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The base public key P chosen for a Taproot output, before tweaking; signing with it enables the cooperative key-path spend.", "word_count": 237, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "taproot-merkle-path", "term": "Taproot Merkle Path", "slug": "taproot-merkle-path", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/taproot-merkle-path/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The list of sibling hashes in a Taproot control block that proves a revealed script was committed in the output key's script tree.", "word_count": 238, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "taproot-output-key", "term": "Taproot Output Key", "slug": "taproot-output-key", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/taproot-output-key/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The tweaked public key Q committed in a P2TR scriptPubKey, computed as Q = P + t·G from the internal key and script tree.", "word_count": 234, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "taproot-tweak", "term": "Taproot Tweak", "slug": "taproot-tweak", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/taproot-tweak/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The scalar added to a Taproot internal key that commits to a script tree, producing the on-chain output key Q = P + t·G.", "word_count": 248, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tapscript", "term": "Tapscript", "slug": "tapscript", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tapscript/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The upgraded Bitcoin scripting language used in Taproot script-path spends, defined by BIP342, with Schnorr checks and soft-fork-friendly OP_SUCCESS opcodes.", "word_count": 281, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "target", "term": "Target", "slug": "target", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/target/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The threshold a block hash must be below to be valid. Lower target means harder mining.", "word_count": 190, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "target-mining", "term": "Target (Mining)", "slug": "target-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/target-mining/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The 256-bit threshold a block header hash must fall at or below to be valid; lower target means higher difficulty, encoded compactly as nBits.", "word_count": 247, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tcp-ip", "term": "TCP/IP", "slug": "tcp-ip", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tcp-ip/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The layered protocol suite that moves data across the internet, pairing reliable TCP transport with IP addressing and routing.", "word_count": 282, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tdp", "term": "TDP", "slug": "tdp", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tdp/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The maximum heat output of a miner in watts. Equal to power consumption since all electricity becomes heat.", "word_count": 178, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "temperature-sampling", "term": "Temperature (Sampling)", "slug": "temperature-sampling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/temperature-sampling/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A sampling parameter that scales an LLM's token probabilities; low values are deterministic and focused, high values more random.", "word_count": 279, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "temperature-sensor", "term": "Temperature Sensor", "slug": "temperature-sensor", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/temperature-sensor/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Sensors monitoring chip and ambient temperatures to prevent overheating and control fan speeds.", "word_count": 181, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "template-distribution-protocol", "term": "Template Distribution Protocol", "slug": "template-distribution-protocol", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/template-distribution-protocol/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Stratum V2 sub-protocol that delivers block templates from a local Bitcoin node (Template Provider) to mining software.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "template-provider", "term": "Template Provider", "slug": "template-provider", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/template-provider/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Stratum V2 role, usually a Bitcoin full node, that builds candidate block templates and pushes them to mining software over the Template Distribution Protocol.", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tensor-core", "term": "Tensor Core", "slug": "tensor-core", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tensor-core/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Specialized GPU units, introduced by NVIDIA in Volta, that perform a fused mixed-precision matrix multiply-accumulate each clock.", "word_count": 236, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tensor-parallelism", "term": "Tensor Parallelism", "slug": "tensor-parallelism", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tensor-parallelism/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Model-parallel strategy that splits individual layer computations (matrix multiplies) across devices, also called intra-layer parallelism.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tensorrt-llm", "term": "TensorRT-LLM", "slug": "tensorrt-llm", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tensorrt-llm/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "NVIDIA's open-source library that compiles large language models into optimized inference engines for NVIDIA GPUs.", "word_count": 291, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "terahash", "term": "Terahash (TH/s)", "slug": "terahash", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/terahash/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "One trillion (10^12) hash computations per second; the standard unit for rating a single modern Bitcoin ASIC miner's hashrate.", "word_count": 280, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "test-fixture", "term": "Test Fixture", "slug": "test-fixture", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/test-fixture/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A bench rig that powers a single hashboard outside the miner and scans it chip-by-chip to locate dead or underperforming ASICs.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "test-time-compute-inference-time-scaling", "term": "Test-Time Compute (Inference-Time Scaling)", "slug": "test-time-compute-inference-time-scaling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/test-time-compute-inference-time-scaling/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Spending extra computation at inference, such as longer reasoning or sampling many answers, to improve a model's output quality.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "testnet", "term": "Testnet", "slug": "testnet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/testnet/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "An alternative Bitcoin blockchain used for testing, where coins have no monetary value and standard transaction rules are relaxed.", "word_count": 228, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "text-generation-inference-tgi", "term": "Text Generation Inference (TGI)", "slug": "text-generation-inference-tgi", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/text-generation-inference-tgi/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Hugging Face's Rust/Python toolkit for serving large language models in production with continuous batching and streaming.", "word_count": 294, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "text-generation-webui-oobabooga", "term": "text-generation-webui (oobabooga)", "slug": "text-generation-webui-oobabooga", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/text-generation-webui-oobabooga/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A Gradio-based local web UI for running LLMs offline across multiple backends like llama.cpp, ExLlamaV2, and Transformers.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "text-to-speech", "term": "Text-to-Speech", "slug": "text-to-speech", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/text-to-speech/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Synthesizing natural spoken audio from written text, typically via an acoustic model that predicts a spectrogram and a vocoder.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "thermal-fatigue", "term": "Thermal Fatigue", "slug": "thermal-fatigue", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/thermal-fatigue/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Cumulative cracking of solder and interconnects from repeated thermal cycling, driven by coefficient-of-thermal-expansion mismatch.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "thermal-interface-material", "term": "Thermal Interface Material (TIM)", "slug": "thermal-interface-material", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/thermal-interface-material/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Paste or pad between an ASIC chip and its heatsink that fills air gaps to maximise heat transfer; degrades and must be replaced.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "thermal-pad", "term": "Thermal Pad", "slug": "thermal-pad", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/thermal-pad/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A pre-formed, solid-but-pliable thermal interface sheet used to bridge larger or uneven gaps between a component and its cooler where paste would be too thin.", "word_count": 272, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "thermal-paste", "term": "Thermal Paste", "slug": "thermal-paste", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/thermal-paste/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A compound applied between chips and heatsinks for better heat transfer. Regular replacement improves miner performance.", "word_count": 203, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "thermal-resistance", "term": "Thermal Resistance", "slug": "thermal-resistance", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/thermal-resistance/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A measure of how strongly a material or interface opposes heat flow, in degrees Celsius per watt; lower values mean chips run cooler at a given power.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "thermal-shim", "term": "Thermal Shim", "slug": "thermal-shim", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/thermal-shim/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A thin conductive spacer, often copper, that fills the height gap between a low-sitting chip and its heatsink so a thin paste layer can still make solid contact.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "thermal-throttling", "term": "Thermal Throttling", "slug": "thermal-throttling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/thermal-throttling/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "An ASIC's automatic reduction of clock speed and hashrate when chip temperature crosses a safe threshold to prevent damage.", "word_count": 303, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "thermocap", "term": "Thermocap", "slug": "thermocap", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/thermocap/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Cumulative USD value of all miner revenue (block subsidies plus fees) paid out over a network's lifetime; an aggregate security spend.", "word_count": 255, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "thiers-law", "term": "Thiers’ Law", "slug": "thiers-law", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/thiers-law/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The inverse of Gresham's Law: when legal-tender coercion is absent or ignored, good money drives out bad money in circulation.", "word_count": 252, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "threat-model", "term": "Threat Model", "slug": "threat-model", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/threat-model/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A structured assessment of who might target you, what they want, and what you'll do about it — used to prioritize defenses before you're under pressure.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "threat-modeling", "term": "Threat Modeling", "slug": "threat-modeling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/threat-modeling/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A structured process of mapping what an adversary could attack, how, and what it would cost you, used to prioritize defenses before building.", "word_count": 317, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "three-phase-power", "term": "Three-Phase Power", "slug": "three-phase-power", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/three-phase-power/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "An AC supply delivering three currents offset by 120 degrees; the standard distribution for commercial and mining electrical loads.", "word_count": 291, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "threshold-ecdsa", "term": "Threshold ECDSA", "slug": "threshold-ecdsa", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/threshold-ecdsa/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A protocol where multiple parties jointly produce one ECDSA signature without any of them ever holding the full private key.", "word_count": 296, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "through-silicon-via", "term": "Through-Silicon Via (TSV)", "slug": "through-silicon-via", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/through-silicon-via/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A vertical copper-filled conductor etched straight through a silicon die or wafer to connect stacked chips and interposers.", "word_count": 234, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "throughput-vs-latency-inference", "term": "Throughput vs Latency (LLM Inference)", "slug": "throughput-vs-latency-inference", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/throughput-vs-latency-inference/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The core trade-off in LLM serving: total tokens generated per second across all requests versus how fast any single request responds.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "throughput-optimized-serving", "term": "Throughput-Optimized Serving", "slug": "throughput-optimized-serving", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/throughput-optimized-serving/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An LLM serving configuration that maximizes total tokens per second across all users via large batches, accepting higher per-request latency in return.", "word_count": 300, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "time-preference", "term": "Time Preference", "slug": "time-preference", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/time-preference/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The degree to which people value present goods over identical future goods; lower time preference favors saving.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "time-to-first-token-ttft", "term": "Time To First Token (TTFT)", "slug": "time-to-first-token-ttft", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/time-to-first-token-ttft/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An LLM latency metric: the delay between sending a request and receiving the first generated token, dominated by the prefill phase.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "time-of-use-rate", "term": "Time-of-Use Rate", "slug": "time-of-use-rate", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/time-of-use-rate/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "An electricity tariff where the price per kWh changes by time of day, day, and season, with peak periods costing far more.", "word_count": 252, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "time-warp-attack", "term": "Time-Warp Attack", "slug": "time-warp-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/time-warp-attack/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A theoretical attack where a majority miner forges block timestamps to artificially lower difficulty and mine blocks far too quickly.", "word_count": 283, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "timechain", "term": "Timechain", "slug": "timechain", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/timechain/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Satoshi's original term for what is now called the blockchain, emphasising proof-of-work timestamping that fixes the chronological order of transactions.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "timestamp", "term": "Timestamp", "slug": "timestamp", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/timestamp/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "The time recorded in a block header when the block was mined, used for difficulty adjustments.", "word_count": 178, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "tin-whisker", "term": "Tin Whisker", "slug": "tin-whisker", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tin-whisker/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Spontaneous single-crystal filament of tin growing from a tin-rich finish; conductive, it can bridge conductors and cause shorts.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "token-budget-rate-limiting", "term": "Token Budget / Rate Limiting", "slug": "token-budget-rate-limiting", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/token-budget-rate-limiting/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Controls that cap LLM usage by tokens per minute or cumulative spend, throttling or blocking callers once a quota is exceeded, typically with HTTP 429.", "word_count": 280, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tokenizer", "term": "Tokenizer", "slug": "tokenizer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tokenizer/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The component that splits text into tokens (subword units) so an LLM can process it as numbers; it sets cost and context limits.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tokenizer-vocabulary", "term": "Tokenizer Vocabulary", "slug": "tokenizer-vocabulary", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tokenizer-vocabulary/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The fixed lookup table that maps every token a model recognizes to a unique integer ID, defining the model's input alphabet.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tokens", "term": "Tokens", "slug": "tokens", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tokens/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The sub-word units a language model reads and writes; text is split into tokens by a tokenizer, and an LLM's cost, speed and context are all measured in them.", "word_count": 228, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tokens-per-second", "term": "Tokens per Second", "slug": "tokens-per-second", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tokens-per-second/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The core LLM speed metric: how many tokens a model generates each second, defining throughput and perceived responsiveness.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tombstoning", "term": "Tombstoning", "slug": "tombstoning", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tombstoning/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A reflow defect where a small SMD part stands on one end like a tombstone, caused by uneven solder wetting forces.", "word_count": 284, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tool-schema-json-schema", "term": "Tool Schema (JSON Schema for Tools)", "slug": "tool-schema-json-schema", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tool-schema-json-schema/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A machine-readable JSON Schema describing a tool's name, purpose, and typed parameters so an LLM can call it reliably.", "word_count": 296, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tool-use", "term": "Tool Use", "slug": "tool-use", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tool-use/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An LLM's ability to invoke external tools (APIs, code, search, databases) through structured requests, turning a text generator into an action-taking agent.", "word_count": 276, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "top-k-sampling", "term": "Top-k Sampling", "slug": "top-k-sampling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/top-k-sampling/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A decoding setting that restricts the next token to the k most probable candidates, sampling among them and discarding the rest.", "word_count": 242, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "top-p-nucleus-sampling", "term": "Top-p (Nucleus Sampling)", "slug": "top-p-nucleus-sampling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/top-p-nucleus-sampling/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A decoding setting that samples from the smallest set of tokens whose probabilities sum to p, adapting how many options it considers to the model's confidence.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tops-tera-operations-per-second", "term": "TOPS (Tera Operations Per Second)", "slug": "tops-tera-operations-per-second", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tops-tera-operations-per-second/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A hardware metric for AI accelerators: trillions of integer (usually INT8) multiply-accumulate operations per second, at peak.", "word_count": 279, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tor", "term": "Tor (The Onion Router)", "slug": "tor", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tor/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An anonymity network that routes traffic through three volunteer-run relays, encrypting it in layers so no single relay sees both source and destination.", "word_count": 297, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tor-bridge", "term": "Tor Bridge", "slug": "tor-bridge", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tor-bridge/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An unlisted Tor entry relay whose address is not published, used to reach the Tor network where public relays are blocked.", "word_count": 259, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "total-harmonic-distortion-thd", "term": "Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)", "slug": "total-harmonic-distortion-thd", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/total-harmonic-distortion-thd/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "A power-quality metric measuring how far a current or voltage waveform deviates from a clean sine wave, expressed as a percentage.", "word_count": 282, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tpu-tensor-processing-unit", "term": "TPU (Tensor Processing Unit)", "slug": "tpu-tensor-processing-unit", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tpu-tensor-processing-unit/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Google-designed AI ASIC that accelerates machine learning using a systolic array of multiply-accumulate units for matrix math.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "trace-current-capacity", "term": "Trace Current Capacity", "slug": "trace-current-capacity", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/trace-current-capacity/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "The maximum current a PCB trace carries for an allowed temperature rise, set by its width, copper thickness, and location per IPC-2152.", "word_count": 284, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "traffic-obfuscation", "term": "Traffic Obfuscation", "slug": "traffic-obfuscation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/traffic-obfuscation/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Reshaping a connection's bytes, timing, or appearance so observers cannot fingerprint the protocol and selectively block it.", "word_count": 262, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "train-test-split", "term": "Train-Test Split", "slug": "train-test-split", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/train-test-split/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Partitioning a dataset into separate training, validation, and test subsets so a model's performance is measured on data it never saw.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "training-data-extraction", "term": "Training-Data Extraction", "slug": "training-data-extraction", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/training-data-extraction/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An attack that recovers verbatim memorized training examples, such as personal data or secrets, by querying a language model.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "trampoline-routing", "term": "Trampoline Routing", "slug": "trampoline-routing", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/trampoline-routing/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Lightning routing method where a sender delegates pathfinding to a well-connected \"trampoline\" node instead of computing the full route itself.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "transaction-accelerator", "term": "Transaction Accelerator", "slug": "transaction-accelerator", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/transaction-accelerator/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A service or technique that helps an underpaid, stuck Bitcoin transaction confirm faster by prioritizing it to miners.", "word_count": 236, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "transaction-fees", "term": "Transaction Fees", "slug": "transaction-fees", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/transaction-fees/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Fees users pay for miners to process their transactions. Becomes more important as block rewards decrease.", "word_count": 188, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "transaction-fingerprinting", "term": "Transaction Fingerprinting", "slug": "transaction-fingerprinting", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/transaction-fingerprinting/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Identifying the wallet software behind a transaction from telltale construction choices like input ordering, nLockTime, RBF signalling, and change placement.", "word_count": 294, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "transaction-graph", "term": "Transaction Graph", "slug": "transaction-graph", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/transaction-graph/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The public web of linkages that transactions create between Bitcoin addresses, the raw material every chain-surveillance tool analyzes.", "word_count": 271, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "transaction-index-txindex", "term": "Transaction Index (txindex)", "slug": "transaction-index-txindex", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/transaction-index-txindex/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "An optional Bitcoin Core index that maps every transaction ID to its location on disk, enabling lookups of any historical transaction.", "word_count": 245, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "transaction-pinning-attack", "term": "Transaction Pinning Attack", "slug": "transaction-pinning-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/transaction-pinning-attack/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "An attack that abuses node DoS-protection limits to make fee-bumping a transaction prohibitively expensive or impossible, threatening time-sensitive protocols.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "transaction-propagation", "term": "Transaction Propagation", "slug": "transaction-propagation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/transaction-propagation/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The gossip process by which a broadcast Bitcoin transaction spreads node-to-node across the peer-to-peer network into thousands of mempools.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "transformer", "term": "Transformer", "slug": "transformer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/transformer/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Neural network architecture built entirely on attention, no recurrence or convolution; the backbone of modern LLMs.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "transient-voltage-spike", "term": "Transient (Voltage Spike)", "slug": "transient-voltage-spike", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/transient-voltage-spike/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "A sub-cycle voltage disturbance, impulsive or oscillatory, that rises and decays in microseconds to milliseconds and can damage electronics.", "word_count": 252, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "transistor-density", "term": "Transistor Density", "slug": "transistor-density", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/transistor-density/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "How many transistors fit per unit of die area, usually quoted in millions of transistors per square millimeter (MTr/mm²).", "word_count": 257, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "tree-of-thought", "term": "Tree-of-Thought", "slug": "tree-of-thought", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/tree-of-thought/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A prompting framework where a model explores multiple branching reasoning paths, evaluates them, and can backtrack to solve hard problems.", "word_count": 310, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "trezor", "term": "Trezor", "slug": "trezor", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/trezor/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Hardware wallet line by SatoshiLabs; the first commercial hardware wallet, with fully open-source firmware and, on newer Safe models, a secure element.", "word_count": 219, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "triffin-dilemma", "term": "Triffin Dilemma", "slug": "triffin-dilemma", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/triffin-dilemma/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The structural conflict a reserve-currency issuer faces between domestic policy needs and supplying the world with its currency.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "trigeneration", "term": "Trigeneration", "slug": "trigeneration", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/trigeneration/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Producing electricity, heat, and cooling from one fuel source by adding an absorption chiller to a cogeneration plant. Also called CCHP.", "word_count": 280, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "triplen-harmonics", "term": "Triplen Harmonics", "slug": "triplen-harmonics", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/triplen-harmonics/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Odd multiples of the third harmonic (3rd, 9th, 15th) that add in phase and overload the neutral conductor in three-phase systems.", "word_count": 242, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "truc-transactions-v3", "term": "TRUC Transactions (v3)", "slug": "truc-transactions-v3", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/truc-transactions-v3/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Opt-in Bitcoin transaction policy (nVersion=3) that caps unconfirmed topology to one parent and one child to defeat fee-bumping pinning.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "trusted-platform-module", "term": "Trusted Platform Module (TPM)", "slug": "trusted-platform-module", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/trusted-platform-module/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A standardized secure cryptoprocessor that stores keys in tamper-resistant hardware and measures boot integrity using Platform Configuration Registers.", "word_count": 293, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "trusted-setup-ceremony", "term": "Trusted Setup Ceremony", "slug": "trusted-setup-ceremony", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/trusted-setup-ceremony/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A multi-party ritual generating a SNARK's public parameters; secure as long as one participant destroys their secret 'toxic waste'.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "trustless", "term": "Trustless", "slug": "trustless", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/trustless/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A system whose correctness can be verified rather than trusted, removing reliance on any single honest intermediary.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "ttl-logic-level", "term": "TTL Logic Level", "slug": "ttl-logic-level", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/ttl-logic-level/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The voltage convention that defines digital high and low on a signal line; matching levels (e.g. 3.3V vs 5V) protects chips when wiring up serial pins.", "word_count": 248, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "turndown-ratio", "term": "Turndown Ratio", "slug": "turndown-ratio", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/turndown-ratio/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The ratio of a power unit's maximum output to its minimum stable output; higher turndown means it follows load better without losing efficiency.", "word_count": 265, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "two-phase-immersion-cooling", "term": "Two-Phase Immersion Cooling", "slug": "two-phase-immersion-cooling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/two-phase-immersion-cooling/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Immersion cooling where a low-boiling dielectric fluid boils on hot chips, rises as vapour, then condenses on a coil and rains back into the tank.", "word_count": 269, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "uart", "term": "UART (Serial Console)", "slug": "uart", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/uart/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A simple two-wire serial interface exposing a control board's boot console; the technician's primary window into a bricked miner.", "word_count": 218, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "uasf", "term": "UASF (User-Activated Soft Fork)", "slug": "uasf", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/uasf/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A soft fork enforced by economic full nodes on a fixed date, rather than waiting on miner hash-rate signaling to trigger activation.", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "unconfirmed-transaction", "term": "Unconfirmed Transaction", "slug": "unconfirmed-transaction", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/unconfirmed-transaction/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A valid Bitcoin transaction that has been broadcast and is waiting in the mempool but has not yet been included in any block.", "word_count": 217, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "underclocking", "term": "Underclocking", "slug": "underclocking", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/underclocking/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Running mining hardware slower to reduce power, heat, and noise. Essential for home mining setups.", "word_count": 189, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "underfill", "term": "Underfill", "slug": "underfill", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/underfill/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "Epoxy injected under a BGA chip to bond it to the PCB, relieving thermal-cycling stress on the hidden solder joints.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "underfitting", "term": "Underfitting", "slug": "underfitting", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/underfitting/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "When a model is too simple to capture the patterns in its training data, performing poorly on both training and test sets.", "word_count": 236, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "undervolting", "term": "Undervolting", "slug": "undervolting", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/undervolting/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Lowering chip voltage to reduce power consumption and heat, improving efficiency for home mining.", "word_count": 201, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "uninterruptible-power-supply", "term": "Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)", "slug": "uninterruptible-power-supply", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/uninterruptible-power-supply/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A battery-backed device that delivers instantaneous power during outages or sags, bridging the gap until generators or the grid recover.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "unit-bias", "term": "Unit Bias", "slug": "unit-bias", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/unit-bias/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A cognitive tendency to treat a single whole unit as the natural amount, which can distort how people perceive a bitcoin priced versus satoshis.", "word_count": 279, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "unit-of-account", "term": "Unit of Account", "slug": "unit-of-account", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/unit-of-account/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A function of money: the common yardstick used to quote prices, keep books, and record debts in a single comparable measure.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "uptime-availability", "term": "Uptime / Availability", "slug": "uptime-availability", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/uptime-availability/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "The percentage of time a facility runs without interruption, often stated in 'nines'; the reliability standard for Hashcenters and datacenters.", "word_count": 295, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "usb-to-serial", "term": "USB-to-Serial Adapter", "slug": "usb-to-serial", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/usb-to-serial/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A small bridge that converts a computer's USB port into a serial/UART line, letting you reach a device's console for flashing, logs, and recovery.", "word_count": 273, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "utreexo", "term": "Utreexo", "slug": "utreexo", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/utreexo/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A hash-based cryptographic accumulator that compresses Bitcoin's entire UTXO set to about a kilobyte, enabling stateless nodes that verify via inclusion proofs.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "utxo", "term": "UTXO", "slug": "utxo", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/utxo/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "An Unspent Transaction Output — a discrete chunk of bitcoin locked to a condition, spendable once as the input to a future transaction. Bitcoin's accounting model.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "utxo-commitment", "term": "UTXO Commitment", "slug": "utxo-commitment", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/utxo-commitment/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A compact cryptographic digest of Bitcoin's full set of spendable outputs, letting nodes verify or bootstrap UTXO state in kilobytes.", "word_count": 247, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "utxo-consolidation", "term": "UTXO Consolidation", "slug": "utxo-consolidation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/utxo-consolidation/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Combining many small Bitcoin UTXOs into fewer larger ones to cut future fees, with a real privacy tradeoff.", "word_count": 245, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "utxo-labeling", "term": "UTXO Labeling", "slug": "utxo-labeling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/utxo-labeling/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Attaching human-readable notes to addresses, transactions, and UTXOs so you can track a coin's source and history for privacy and bookkeeping.", "word_count": 246, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "validity-rollup", "term": "Validity Rollup (Bitcoin)", "slug": "validity-rollup", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/validity-rollup/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Layer 2 that proves its state to a base chain with validity (often zero-knowledge) proofs; on Bitcoin it would require a soft fork to verify.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "vanity-address", "term": "Vanity Address", "slug": "vanity-address", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/vanity-address/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Bitcoin address brute-forced to contain a chosen human-readable string, e.g. 1Boss or bc1q...love.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "vapor-chamber", "term": "Vapor Chamber", "slug": "vapor-chamber", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/vapor-chamber/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A sealed, flat two-phase heat spreader that uses evaporation and condensation to move heat from a hot chip across a large surface far faster than solid copper.", "word_count": 268, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "vardiff", "term": "Vardiff (Variable Difficulty)", "slug": "vardiff", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/vardiff/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A pool mechanism that automatically tunes each miner's share difficulty so submissions arrive at a steady, manageable rate.", "word_count": 247, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "variational-autoencoder", "term": "Variational Autoencoder (VAE)", "slug": "variational-autoencoder", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/variational-autoencoder/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A probabilistic autoencoder that learns a continuous latent distribution, enabling both compression and the generation of new samples.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "variational-autoencoder-vae", "term": "Variational Autoencoder (VAE)", "slug": "variational-autoencoder-vae", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/variational-autoencoder-vae/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A generative neural network that encodes data into a continuous probabilistic latent space, enabling reconstruction and sampling of new data.", "word_count": 293, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "vasp-virtual-asset-service-provider", "term": "VASP (Virtual Asset Service Provider)", "slug": "vasp-virtual-asset-service-provider", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/vasp-virtual-asset-service-provider/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "FATF's term for any business that exchanges, transfers, or custodies crypto on behalf of others, and so carries AML obligations.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "veblen-good", "term": "Veblen Good", "slug": "veblen-good", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/veblen-good/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A good whose demand rises as its price rises, contradicting the normal law of demand, because high price signals status or exclusivity.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "vector-commitment", "term": "Vector Commitment", "slug": "vector-commitment", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/vector-commitment/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A cryptographic commitment to an ordered list of values that lets you later prove any single element's position with a short, length-independent proof.", "word_count": 238, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "vector-database", "term": "Vector Database", "slug": "vector-database", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/vector-database/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A database built to store embedding vectors and run fast similarity (nearest-neighbor) searches over them at scale.", "word_count": 246, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "vector-quantization", "term": "Vector Quantization", "slug": "vector-quantization", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/vector-quantization/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A signal-processing compression method that maps each vector to the nearest entry (centroid) in a finite codebook, storing only its index.", "word_count": 282, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "vector76-attack", "term": "Vector76 Attack", "slug": "vector76-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/vector76-attack/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A one-confirmation double-spend that blends the Finney and race attacks by feeding a merchant a self-mined block that the network later discards.", "word_count": 284, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "verifiable-credential", "term": "Verifiable Credential", "slug": "verifiable-credential", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/verifiable-credential/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A tamper-evident, cryptographically signed claim issued to a holder, who can present it to a verifier without phoning home to the issuer.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "verifiable-presentation", "term": "Verifiable Presentation", "slug": "verifiable-presentation", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/verifiable-presentation/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A tamper-evident package a holder sends to a verifier, bundling one or more credentials (or selectively disclosed parts of them) under the holder's own signature.", "word_count": 270, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "verifier-model", "term": "Verifier Model", "slug": "verifier-model", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/verifier-model/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A model that scores or checks another model's answers or reasoning steps, used to select correct outputs and catch errors.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "verify-dont-trust", "term": "Verify, Don’t Trust", "slug": "verify-dont-trust", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/verify-dont-trust/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The Bitcoiner discipline of independently checking the rules yourself, typically by running your own node, rather than relying on a third party's word.", "word_count": 265, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "verkle-tree", "term": "Verkle Tree", "slug": "verkle-tree", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/verkle-tree/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A vector-commitment tree (Vector + Merkle) producing far smaller witnesses than Merkle trees, enabling stateless block validation.", "word_count": 237, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "version", "term": "Version", "slug": "version", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/version/", "category": "Mining Basics", "definition": "A block header field that indicates the block format version and signals support for protocol upgrades.", "word_count": 177, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "version-bits", "term": "Version Bits (BIP 9 / BIP 8)", "slug": "version-bits", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/version-bits/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Bitcoin's soft-fork signaling scheme that uses bits in the block version field; BIP 9 is timestamp-based, BIP 8 is height-based with optional forced activation.", "word_count": 242, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "version-rolling", "term": "Version Rolling (BIP 310)", "slug": "version-rolling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/version-rolling/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A negotiated Stratum extension that lets miners roll bits in the block header version field to expand the search space and enable overt ASICBoost.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "via", "term": "Via", "slug": "via", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/via/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A plated hole connecting copper between PCB layers; common failure point on multilayer hashboards under thermal cycling.", "word_count": 281, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "via-stitching", "term": "Via Stitching", "slug": "via-stitching", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/via-stitching/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A repeating array of vias that ties copper planes together across PCB layers to lower return-path impedance and suppress EMI.", "word_count": 240, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "viabtc", "term": "ViaBTC", "slug": "viabtc", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/viabtc/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Bitcoin mining pool founded in 2016 by Haipo Yang, credited with popularizing the PPS+ payout scheme; also supports FPPS and PPLNS.", "word_count": 204, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "vbyte", "term": "Virtual Byte (vByte)", "slug": "vbyte", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/vbyte/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A normalized size unit equal to four weight units; fee rates are quoted in sat/vB and the block limit is 1 million vBytes.", "word_count": 250, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "virtual-byte-vbyte", "term": "Virtual Byte (vByte)", "slug": "virtual-byte-vbyte", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/virtual-byte-vbyte/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The post-SegWit unit for transaction size and fee rates: one vByte equals four weight units, so a block holds up to 1,000,000 vBytes.", "word_count": 263, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "virtual-power-plant-vpp", "term": "Virtual Power Plant (VPP)", "slug": "virtual-power-plant-vpp", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/virtual-power-plant-vpp/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A software-coordinated fleet of distributed energy resources aggregated to act as a single dispatchable grid resource.", "word_count": 293, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "vision-encoder", "term": "Vision Encoder", "slug": "vision-encoder", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/vision-encoder/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "The component of a multimodal model that converts an image into feature vectors a language model or classifier can process.", "word_count": 234, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "vision-transformer", "term": "Vision Transformer (ViT)", "slug": "vision-transformer", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/vision-transformer/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An image model that splits a picture into patches and processes them with transformer self-attention instead of convolutions.", "word_count": 235, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "vision-language-model", "term": "Vision-Language Model", "slug": "vision-language-model", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/vision-language-model/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A model that pairs an image encoder with a language model so it can describe, answer questions about, and reason over images.", "word_count": 284, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "visual-question-answering", "term": "Visual Question Answering (VQA)", "slug": "visual-question-answering", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/visual-question-answering/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A multimodal AI task where a model answers natural-language questions about the contents of an image.", "word_count": 246, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "visual-token", "term": "Visual Token", "slug": "visual-token", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/visual-token/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "A vector representing a patch of an image, projected so a language model can process it alongside text tokens in the same sequence.", "word_count": 238, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "vlan-virtual-lan", "term": "VLAN (Virtual LAN)", "slug": "vlan-virtual-lan", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/vlan-virtual-lan/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A logical network segment that isolates Layer 2 broadcast traffic on shared switches, defined by the IEEE 802.1Q tagging standard.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "vllm", "term": "vLLM", "slug": "vllm", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/vllm/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "High-throughput open-source LLM serving library using PagedAttention and continuous batching for efficient inference.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "voltage-domain", "term": "Voltage Domain", "slug": "voltage-domain", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/voltage-domain/", "category": "ASIC Repair & Maintenance", "definition": "A series-connected group of ASIC chips on a hashboard sharing one regulated voltage rail; voltage is set per domain, never per individual chip.", "word_count": 326, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "voltage-drop", "term": "Voltage Drop", "slug": "voltage-drop", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/voltage-drop/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "The loss of voltage along a conductor due to its resistance; worse on long runs and thin wire. NEC recommends keeping it under 3%.", "word_count": 260, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "voltage-flicker", "term": "Voltage Flicker", "slug": "voltage-flicker", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/voltage-flicker/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "Repetitive voltage fluctuation that makes lighting visibly flutter; quantified by short-term (Pst) and long-term (Plt) severity indices.", "word_count": 246, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "voltage-regulator", "term": "Voltage Regulator", "slug": "voltage-regulator", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/voltage-regulator/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Components that convert 12V power to the precise low voltage ASIC chips need. A common failure point in miners.", "word_count": 191, "last_modified": "2026-05-28" }, { "id": "voltage-sag", "term": "Voltage Sag", "slug": "voltage-sag", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/voltage-sag/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "A brief drop in RMS voltage to 10-90% of nominal, lasting from half a cycle to one minute, per IEEE 1159.", "word_count": 234, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "voltage-swell", "term": "Voltage Swell", "slug": "voltage-swell", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/voltage-swell/", "category": "Home Mining", "definition": "A short-duration rise in RMS voltage to 1.1-1.8 per unit of nominal, lasting half a cycle to one minute, per IEEE 1159.", "word_count": 231, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "vram", "term": "VRAM", "slug": "vram", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/vram/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "VRAM is a GPU's dedicated memory; it is the main limit on which local LLMs you can run, since the model's weights must fit in it to run fast.", "word_count": 222, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "wallet-backup-seed-vs-descriptor", "term": "Wallet Backup: Seed vs Descriptor", "slug": "wallet-backup-seed-vs-descriptor", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/wallet-backup-seed-vs-descriptor/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "The distinction between backing up only a seed phrase versus also saving the descriptor, which records script type and derivation context the seed omits.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "wallet-clustering", "term": "Wallet Clustering", "slug": "wallet-clustering", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/wallet-clustering/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "Grouping many Bitcoin addresses into one inferred owner using transaction heuristics, the core engine of blockchain surveillance.", "word_count": 283, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "warrant-canary", "term": "Warrant Canary", "slug": "warrant-canary", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/warrant-canary/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A routinely published statement that a provider has received no secret legal demand; its disappearance silently signals one has arrived.", "word_count": 289, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "waste-heat-recovery", "term": "Waste Heat Recovery", "slug": "waste-heat-recovery", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/waste-heat-recovery/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Capturing heat that equipment would otherwise reject and redirecting it to a productive use, raising overall energy utilization.", "word_count": 278, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "watch-only-wallet", "term": "Watch-Only Wallet", "slug": "watch-only-wallet", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/watch-only-wallet/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A wallet loaded with only public keys (an xpub or descriptor) so it can track balances and build transactions but cannot sign or spend.", "word_count": 245, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "watchtower", "term": "Watchtower", "slug": "watchtower", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/watchtower/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A third-party Lightning service that monitors the blockchain for channel breaches and broadcasts a penalty transaction if a peer publishes an old state.", "word_count": 236, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "water-usage-effectiveness-wue", "term": "Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE)", "slug": "water-usage-effectiveness-wue", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/water-usage-effectiveness-wue/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Liters of water consumed per kilowatt-hour of compute energy; the sustainability metric for cooling a Hashcenter or datacenter.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "wavelength", "term": "Wavelength", "slug": "wavelength", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/wavelength/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "The physical length of one cycle of a radio wave (speed of light ÷ frequency); it sets antenna size and how a signal propagates.", "word_count": 248, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "web-of-trust", "term": "Web of Trust", "slug": "web-of-trust", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/web-of-trust/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Web of Trust is a decentralized trust model where reputation propagates through who you already trust, with no central certificate authority.", "word_count": 233, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "webln", "term": "WebLN", "slug": "webln", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/webln/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A JavaScript interface (window.webln) that lets web apps request Lightning payments and invoices from a user's wallet provider.", "word_count": 246, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "weight-unit", "term": "Weight Unit", "slug": "weight-unit", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/weight-unit/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The base measure of Bitcoin block capacity introduced by SegWit; each block is capped at 4,000,000 weight units and witness data counts at a discount.", "word_count": 246, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "whale", "term": "Whale", "slug": "whale", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/whale/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "A holder of a very large amount of an asset whose buys or sells are big enough to move the market on their own.", "word_count": 234, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "wheeling", "term": "Wheeling", "slug": "wheeling", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/wheeling/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Transmitting electricity from a generator to a buyer across transmission lines owned by a third party, for a usage fee.", "word_count": 291, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "whirlpool", "term": "Whirlpool", "slug": "whirlpool", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/whirlpool/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A Chaumian CoinJoin design using fixed-denomination pools and equal five-in/five-out transactions to maximize on-chain ambiguity.", "word_count": 267, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "whonix", "term": "Whonix", "slug": "whonix", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/whonix/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Debian-based OS that splits networking into a Tor Gateway VM and an isolated Workstation VM so the workstation can never learn the user's real IP.", "word_count": 261, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "wind-powered-mining", "term": "Wind-Powered Mining", "slug": "wind-powered-mining", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/wind-powered-mining/", "category": "Economics & Profitability", "definition": "Using wind-farm electricity to mine Bitcoin, often absorbing curtailed off-peak wind that the grid cannot otherwise carry or store.", "word_count": 262, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "winlink", "term": "Winlink", "slug": "winlink", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/winlink/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Volunteer-run system that carries email and attachments over amateur radio (HF/VHF/UHF), enabling messaging when the internet is down.", "word_count": 264, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "wire-bonding", "term": "Wire Bonding", "slug": "wire-bonding", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/wire-bonding/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A chip-packaging interconnect method that welds fine gold, copper, or aluminum wires from die bond pads to the package substrate.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "wireguard", "term": "WireGuard", "slug": "wireguard", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/wireguard/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A modern, lean VPN protocol built on fixed state-of-the-art cryptography, giving an encrypted tunnel into self-hosted infrastructure.", "word_count": 295, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "witness-commitment", "term": "Witness Commitment", "slug": "witness-commitment", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/witness-commitment/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A hash in the coinbase transaction that commits to all SegWit witness data, securing it without changing the block header.", "word_count": 253, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "witness-stack", "term": "Witness Stack", "slug": "witness-stack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/witness-stack/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "The segregated data field in a SegWit input holding signatures and scripts, moved out of scriptSig to fix malleability and discount its weight.", "word_count": 274, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "world-model", "term": "World Model", "slug": "world-model", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/world-model/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "An AI system's internal representation of how an environment behaves, used to predict consequences of actions and plan ahead.", "word_count": 312, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "wrench-attack", "term": "Wrench Attack", "slug": "wrench-attack", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/wrench-attack/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A physical-coercion attack in which someone forces you to hand over keys or funds, bypassing encryption entirely. Also called rubber-hose cryptanalysis.", "word_count": 282, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "wumbo-channel", "term": "Wumbo Channel", "slug": "wumbo-channel", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/wumbo-channel/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Lightning channel larger than the original ~0.1677 BTC default cap; \"wumbo\" lifts the limit to enable large-capacity channels.", "word_count": 227, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "wye-vs-delta-wiring", "term": "Wye vs Delta Wiring", "slug": "wye-vs-delta-wiring", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/wye-vs-delta-wiring/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Two ways to connect three-phase windings: wye (star) provides a neutral and 120/208V; delta forms a triangle providing 240V with no native neutral.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "x-only-public-key-bip340", "term": "x-only Public Key (BIP340)", "slug": "x-only-public-key-bip340", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/x-only-public-key-bip340/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A 32-byte Bitcoin public key that stores only the point's x-coordinate, with the y-coordinate fixed even by convention — used by Taproot Schnorr signatures.", "word_count": 247, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "x3dh", "term": "X3DH (Extended Triple Diffie-Hellman)", "slug": "x3dh", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/x3dh/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An asynchronous key-agreement protocol using prekeys and multiple DH computations to bootstrap a deniable, forward-secret session.", "word_count": 299, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "yagi-antenna", "term": "Yagi Antenna", "slug": "yagi-antenna", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/yagi-antenna/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "A directional antenna with a driven dipole plus reflector and director rods, concentrating gain along one axis.", "word_count": 249, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "yggdrasil-network", "term": "Yggdrasil Network", "slug": "yggdrasil-network", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/yggdrasil-network/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "An experimental end-to-end encrypted IPv6 overlay network with self-arranging, tree-based compact routing for large-scale mesh.", "word_count": 258, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "zap", "term": "Zap", "slug": "zap", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/zap/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A Zap is a Bitcoin Lightning payment sent over Nostr, letting users tip notes and people with real sats instead of platform 'likes'.", "word_count": 218, "last_modified": "2026-06-18" }, { "id": "zero-redundancy-optimizer-zero", "term": "ZeRO (Zero Redundancy Optimizer)", "slug": "zero-redundancy-optimizer-zero", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/zero-redundancy-optimizer-zero/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "DeepSpeed memory technique that eliminates redundant copies of optimizer states, gradients, and parameters across data-parallel devices in stages.", "word_count": 279, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "zero-trust-architecture", "term": "Zero Trust Architecture", "slug": "zero-trust-architecture", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/zero-trust-architecture/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A security model summarized as \"never trust, always verify\": every access request is authenticated and authorized, with no implicit trust from network location.", "word_count": 290, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "zero-conf-channel", "term": "Zero-conf Channel", "slug": "zero-conf-channel", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/zero-conf-channel/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A Lightning channel usable the instant its funding transaction is broadcast, before any on-chain confirmation, requiring temporary trust.", "word_count": 287, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "zero-confirmation-transaction", "term": "Zero-Confirmation Transaction (0-conf)", "slug": "zero-confirmation-transaction", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/zero-confirmation-transaction/", "category": "Network & Protocol", "definition": "A broadcast Bitcoin transaction sitting in the mempool that no miner has yet included in a block, so it has zero confirmations.", "word_count": 254, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "zero-knowledge-proof", "term": "Zero-Knowledge Proof", "slug": "zero-knowledge-proof", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/zero-knowledge-proof/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "A cryptographic protocol letting a prover convince a verifier a statement is true while revealing nothing beyond its validity.", "word_count": 301, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "zero-offload-cpu-offload", "term": "ZeRO-Offload / CPU Offload", "slug": "zero-offload-cpu-offload", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/zero-offload-cpu-offload/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Moving optimizer states and gradients from GPU to host CPU memory so large models train on modest hardware, at the cost of CPU-GPU transfer.", "word_count": 265, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "zero-shot-prompting", "term": "Zero-Shot Prompting", "slug": "zero-shot-prompting", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/zero-shot-prompting/", "category": "Sovereign AI", "definition": "Asking a model to perform a task using only an instruction, with no examples, relying on knowledge from its pre-training.", "word_count": 275, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "zk-snark", "term": "zk-SNARK", "slug": "zk-snark", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/zk-snark/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge: a tiny, fast-to-verify proof, but one needing a trusted setup.", "word_count": 285, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "zk-stark", "term": "zk-STARK", "slug": "zk-stark", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/zk-stark/", "category": "Digital Sovereignty", "definition": "Zero-Knowledge Scalable Transparent Argument of Knowledge: a proof needing no trusted setup and resistant to quantum attacks.", "word_count": 277, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" }, { "id": "zynq-soc", "term": "Zynq SoC", "slug": "zynq-soc", "url": "https://d-central.tech/mining-glossary/zynq-soc/", "category": "Hardware", "definition": "Xilinx (now AMD) system-on-chip pairing dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 with FPGA logic; the brain of most Antminer control boards.", "word_count": 266, "last_modified": "2026-06-19" } ] }