{"meta":{"title":"D-Central Bitcoin Mining Pool Database","description":"Fee, payout scheme, Stratum V2 support, custodial status, minimum payout and decentralization score for 23 Bitcoin mining pools. Network share is derived live from block attribution; fees are as of June 2026 \u2014 verify at source before routing hashrate.","generated":"2026-07-15T14:14:36+00:00","version":"1.0","date_as_of":"2026-06-15","license":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","license_name":"CC BY 4.0","score_criteria":"5=non-custodial+miner-templates+<2%+min-fee; 4=<5%+SV2-or-Lightning+transparent; 3=<10%+custodial+transparent; 2=5-25%+custodial+opaque; 1=>20%-single-entity-or-private-pool.","source":"https:\/\/d-central.tech\/data\/mining-pool-database\/","record_count":23,"hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","disclaimer":"Fees and other static fields are as of June 2026; pool fees change \u2014 verify at source before routing hashrate. The network-share column is live (mempool.space 1-month block attribution) and is null wherever no share can be attributed."},"rows":[{"name":"Foundry USA Pool","operator":"Foundry Digital LLC (subsidiary of Digital Currency Group)","operator_country":"US","fee_fpps_pct":null,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"Not publicly disclosed. Foundry FAQ confirms tiered pricing evaluated quarterly by group hashrate. Third-party tracker MiningPoolStats lists 0%. Industry reports (Bitcoin Magazine, 2024) indicate Foundry transitioned from zero-fee to tiered institutional pricing. Contact Foundry directly for current tier rates. Verify at source before routing hashrate.","payout_scheme":"FPPS","payout_schemes_available":["FPPS"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"Foundry joined the SV2 Working Group in 2024. No active SV2 job-negotiation (miner-selected block templates) confirmed in production as of June 2026. Verify at source.","block_template_control":false,"custodial":"yes","min_payout_btc":null,"min_payout_note":"Daily auto-withdrawal available 09:00\u201317:00 UTC. Minimum threshold not publicly disclosed. Contact Foundry.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":1,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":25.39999999999999857891452847979962825775146484375,"source_url":"https:\/\/pool-faq.foundrydigital.com\/what-is-foundry-usa-pools-payout-methodology","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"Largest Bitcoin mining pool by network hashrate \u2014 see the live Network % column and \/bitcoin-pool-centralization\/ for the current figure. Institutional focus; targets large-scale operators. FPPS daily payouts. Tiered fee structure by quarterly hashrate \u2014 exact tiers are confidential; contact Foundry for quote. Single-pool concentration at this scale is a well-documented systemic decentralization concern. Verify fees at source before mining.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"1,109 blocks attributed over the last month.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"AntPool","operator":"Bitmain Technologies Ltd.","operator_country":"CN","fee_fpps_pct":2.5,"fee_pplns_pct":1.5,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"2.5% FPPS; 1.5% PPLNS. Confirmed by multiple independent sources (OBM, Spark pool comparison). Minimum payout 0.001 BTC. Verify at antpool.com for current rates.","payout_scheme":"FPPS","payout_schemes_available":["FPPS","PPLNS"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"Bitmain \/ AntPool joined the SV2 Working Group in 2024. No confirmed SV2 job-negotiation in production as of June 2026.","block_template_control":false,"custodial":"yes","min_payout_btc":0.001000000000000000020816681711721685132943093776702880859375,"min_payout_note":"0.001 BTC minimum on-chain. Daily payouts. On-chain BTC only; no Lightning option.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":1,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":18.780000000000001136868377216160297393798828125,"source_url":"https:\/\/www.antpool.com\/","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"Operated by Bitmain, the dominant Bitcoin ASIC manufacturer, and consistently one of the two largest pools by network hashrate (live figure in the Network % column). Bitmain's dual role as both hardware maker and pool operator creates a structural conflict of interest noted by Bitcoin researchers. No Lightning payouts. Verify fees at source.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"820 blocks attributed over the last month.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"ViaBTC","operator":"ViaBTC Technology Co. Ltd.","operator_country":"CN","fee_fpps_pct":null,"fee_pplns_pct":2,"fee_pps_plus_pct":4,"fee_note":"4% PPS+ (default); 2% PPLNS. Confirmed directly from viabtc.com\/pricing. ViaBTC uses PPS+ as its primary BTC scheme \u2014 not FPPS. PPS+ bundles block subsidies and transaction fees in a fixed-payout model. Minimum payout 0.001 BTC. Verify at source.","payout_scheme":"PPS+","payout_schemes_available":["PPS+","PPLNS"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"No confirmed SV2 support as of June 2026.","block_template_control":false,"custodial":"yes","min_payout_btc":0.001000000000000000020816681711721685132943093776702880859375,"min_payout_note":"0.001 BTC minimum; hourly payouts in PPS+ mode. ViaBTC covers outgoing transaction fees.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":2,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":9.1099999999999994315658113919198513031005859375,"source_url":"https:\/\/www.viabtc.com\/pricing","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"Long-standing top-five pool by network hashrate (live figure in the Network % column). Founded 2016 by Haipo Yang; historically associated with Bitmain investment. PPS+ is the primary BTC scheme (a common confusion: ViaBTC does NOT list FPPS as a named option). 4% PPS+ fee is on the higher side for pooled mining. No Lightning payouts. Verify fees at source.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"398 blocks attributed over the last month.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"F2Pool","operator":"F2Pool Group (Wang Chun & Mao Shixing)","operator_country":"CN","fee_fpps_pct":4,"fee_pplns_pct":2,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"4% FPPS; 2% PPLNS. Confirmed from F2Pool help center (f2pool.zendesk.com). F2Pool covers outgoing blockchain network fees on withdrawals. Default minimum payout 0.005 BTC (configurable down to 0.001 BTC). Verify at f2pool.io.","payout_scheme":"FPPS","payout_schemes_available":["FPPS","PPLNS"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"F2Pool joined the SV2 Working Group in 2024. No confirmed SV2 job-negotiation in production as of June 2026.","block_template_control":false,"custodial":"yes","min_payout_btc":0.005000000000000000104083408558608425664715468883514404296875,"min_payout_note":"0.005 BTC default minimum (configurable to 0.001 BTC in account settings). F2Pool covers network transaction fees on payouts.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":2,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":13.6899999999999995026200849679298698902130126953125,"source_url":"https:\/\/f2pool.io\/","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"One of the oldest pools (est. 2013) and a consistent top-five pool by hashrate (live figure in the Network % column). FPPS fee of 4% is among the highest standard rates. Multi-coin pool supporting many algorithms. No Lightning payouts. Verify fees at source.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"598 blocks attributed over the last month.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"SpiderPool","operator":"SpiderPool Technology","operator_country":"CN","fee_fpps_pct":4,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"Standard FPPS fee 4%. April 2026 Compass Mining partnership offered Compass customers 1% FPPS (a 75% reduction); standard retail rate remains 4%. Verify at spiderpool.com for current rates.","payout_scheme":"FPPS","payout_schemes_available":["FPPS"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"SpiderPool joined the SV2 Working Group in 2024. No confirmed SV2 job-negotiation in production as of June 2026.","block_template_control":false,"custodial":"yes","min_payout_btc":0.005000000000000000104083408558608425664715468883514404296875,"min_payout_note":"0.005 BTC minimum (confirmed by Spark pool comparison). Verify at source.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":2,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":9.730000000000000426325641456060111522674560546875,"source_url":"https:\/\/www.spiderpool.com\/","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"Rapidly grown into a top-five pool globally (live figure in the Network % column). Institutional FPPS focus, primarily serving Asian operators. Standard 4% fee is high; negotiated rates available via partnerships. Limited public documentation on fee transparency. Verify fees at source before routing hashrate.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"425 blocks attributed over the last month.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"MARA Pool","operator":"Marathon Digital Holdings, Inc. (NASDAQ: MARA)","operator_country":"US","fee_fpps_pct":null,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"N\/A \u2014 private pool not open to outside miners. Marathon captures all block rewards and transaction fees internally, eliminating external pool fees for its own operations.","payout_scheme":"Internal (not applicable to outside miners)","payout_schemes_available":[],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"MARA Foundation joined the SV2 Working Group in 2024. No confirmed SV2 job-negotiation in production as of June 2026.","block_template_control":false,"custodial":"n\/a","min_payout_btc":null,"min_payout_note":"N\/A \u2014 private pool. Outside miners cannot route hashrate to MARA Pool.","open_to_public":false,"decentralization_score":1,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":5.45000000000000017763568394002504646778106689453125,"source_url":"https:\/\/www.mara.com\/","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"Private pool operated exclusively by Marathon Digital Holdings (live share in the Network % column). Not open to outside miners. Listed here to account for the concentration of hashrate in corporate-only pools that are invisible to external miners. As the listed cohort of private corporate pools grows, the addressable public pool market shrinks. Deployed hashrate: ~64 EH\/s Q1 2026.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"238 blocks attributed over the last month.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"SecPool","operator":"SecPool Technology (operator details limited)","operator_country":"CN","fee_fpps_pct":null,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"Not publicly disclosed. Uses FPPS payout method per independent trackers; fee rate unconfirmed in official documentation. Verify at secpool.com before mining.","payout_scheme":"FPPS","payout_schemes_available":["FPPS"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"No confirmed SV2 support as of June 2026.","block_template_control":false,"custodial":"yes","min_payout_btc":null,"min_payout_note":"Not publicly confirmed. Verify at source.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":2,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":3.600000000000000088817841970012523233890533447265625,"source_url":"https:\/\/secpool.com\/","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"Emerging pool primarily serving Asian institutional miners (live share in the Network % column). Limited public documentation on fees, minimum payouts, and operational transparency. Short track record compared to established pools. Verify all terms directly before routing hashrate.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"157 blocks attributed over the last month.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"Binance Pool","operator":"Binance (global exchange)","operator_country":"GLOBAL","fee_fpps_pct":null,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"Not publicly confirmed on pool.binance.com. Independent sources cite figures ranging from 2.5% to 4% FPPS; sources disagree and no single rate is confirmed from Binance's official pool page as of June 2026. Very low minimum payout of 0.0001 BTC confirmed. Verify directly at pool.binance.com before mining.","payout_scheme":"FPPS","payout_schemes_available":["FPPS","PPS+","PPLNS"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"No confirmed SV2 support as of June 2026.","block_template_control":false,"custodial":"yes","min_payout_btc":0.000100000000000000004792173602385929598312941379845142364501953125,"min_payout_note":"0.0001 BTC minimum (one of the lowest industry minimums; confirmed). Rewards payable to Binance spot account or external Bitcoin address.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":2,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":1.5300000000000000266453525910037569701671600341796875,"source_url":"https:\/\/pool.binance.com\/","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"Mining arm of Binance, the large centralized exchange. Miners can route rewards directly to a Binance spot account. Exchange custody introduces counterparty risk beyond the usual pool custody risk. Fee not publicly confirmed; verify before mining. Exceptionally low 0.0001 BTC minimum payout.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"67 blocks attributed over the last month.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"Luxor","operator":"Luxor Technology Corporation","operator_country":"US","fee_fpps_pct":null,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"Not posted publicly. Luxor docs describe a \"discount to spot FPPS\" model (the discount IS the pool fee). Industry partners cite negotiated rates of ~0.7% (Sazmining); standard accounts reportedly ~2\u20133% per independent sources. Withdrawal fee: +0.000075 BTC per payment. Verify at luxor.tech or contact sales for current rates.","payout_scheme":"FPPS","payout_schemes_available":["FPPS"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"Exploring SV2; no confirmed job-negotiation in production as of June 2026.","block_template_control":false,"custodial":"yes","min_payout_btc":0.001000000000000000020816681711721685132943093776702880859375,"min_payout_note":"0.001 BTC minimum withdrawal + 0.000075 BTC withdrawal fee (total: 0.001075 BTC required). Daily, weekly, or monthly payout cycle. Confirmed from docs.luxor.tech.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":3,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":2.839999999999999857891452847979962825775146484375,"source_url":"https:\/\/docs.luxor.tech\/platform\/mining\/revenue-payments","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"U.S.-based institutional pool. SOC 2 Type 2 certified. Offers hashrate derivatives and forward markets (fixed-price hash contracts). Minimum payout confirmed at 0.001 BTC + 0.000075 BTC withdrawal fee. Fee rate is not on the website; negotiate directly. Relatively transparent operations; US jurisdiction.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"124 blocks attributed over the last month.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"SBI Crypto","operator":"SBI Crypto Co., Ltd. (subsidiary of SBI Holdings)","operator_country":"JP","fee_fpps_pct":null,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"Pool closing: shares stop being accepted 22:00 UTC July 30, 2026. Fee rate was never publicly disclosed; do not onboard new workers.","payout_scheme":"FPPS","payout_schemes_available":["FPPS"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"No confirmed SV2 support as of June 2026.","block_template_control":false,"custodial":"yes","min_payout_btc":null,"min_payout_note":"Not publicly confirmed. Verify at source.","open_to_public":true,"sunset_at":"2026-07-30T22:00:00Z","decentralization_score":3,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":2.109999999999999875655021241982467472553253173828125,"source_url":"https:\/\/pool.sbicrypto.com\/","source_note":"Previous source_url (mining.sbi-crypto.com) no longer resolves \u2014 NXDOMAIN as of 2026-07-13. Corrected to the live pool domain.","last_verified":"2026-07-13","notes":"CLOSING: SBI Crypto announced on July 2, 2026 that it will permanently shut its public pool; shares stop being accepted at 22:00 UTC on July 30, 2026 (07:00 JST July 31). Until that cutoff the operator states the pool \"will continue operating under normal conditions, and customers may continue mining and receiving payouts as usual\" \u2014 so it is still open today, and this row closes itself automatically at the cutoff. The operator pointed miners to Braiins, Luxor, and NeoPool. Japanese institutional pool (subsidiary of SBI Holdings), publicly accessible since 2021. Do not onboard new workers.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"92 blocks attributed over the last month.","status":"sunsetting","min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"PEGA Pool","operator":"PEGA Pool","operator_country":"GLOBAL","fee_fpps_pct":2,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"2% FPPS standard; 1% FPPS for miners providing verifiable renewable energy certificates (50% discount). Confirmed from pega-pool.com and multiple reviews. Verify at source for current rate.","payout_scheme":"FPPS","payout_schemes_available":["FPPS"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"No confirmed SV2 support as of June 2026.","block_template_control":false,"custodial":"yes","min_payout_btc":null,"min_payout_note":"Not publicly confirmed, and the official site is no longer reachable to check. See source_note.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":3,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":null,"source_url":null,"source_note":"Official domain unreachable: pega-pool.com now redirects to an unrelated site (checked 2026-07-13), so the fee and payout figures below could not be re-verified at source and may be out of date. No blocks were attributed to PEGA Pool over the last 30 days. Treat this row as unverified.","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"Bitcoin-only FPPS pool launched 2023. Eco-focused: 1% fee (vs standard 2%) for miners providing verifiable renewable energy certificates. Funds renewable energy initiatives and tree-planting programs. CAUTION: as of 2026-07-13 the pool's official domain no longer resolves to the pool and no blocks are currently attributed to it \u2014 verify the pool is still operating before routing any hashrate.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"No blocks attributed to this pool by mempool.space over the last month \u2014 no separately attributed network share. Solo services and share-chains generally do not appear under their own name.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"EMCD","operator":"EMCD Technology Ltd.","operator_country":"EU","fee_fpps_pct":4,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"4% BTC mining fee (confirmed from emcd.io\/pool\/bitcoin). Reducible to 0% only if rewards are stored in EMCD's proprietary Coinhold product \u2014 introducing additional counterparty risk in that product. VIP terms negotiated for high-hashrate miners. Verify at source.","payout_scheme":"FPPS","payout_schemes_available":["FPPS"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"No confirmed SV2 support as of June 2026.","block_template_control":false,"custodial":"yes","min_payout_btc":0.001000000000000000020816681711721685132943093776702880859375,"min_payout_note":"0.001 BTC minimum. Daily payouts approximately 16:00\u201317:00 UTC+3.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":2,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":null,"source_url":"https:\/\/emcd.io\/pool\/bitcoin\/","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"European multi-coin pool integrated with the EMCD digital finance ecosystem. 4% fee is on the high side. The 0% Coinhold option reduces the pool fee but routes rewards into EMCD's custodial savings product, adding a separate custody layer. Small hashrate share. VIP terms negotiated for high-hashrate miners.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"No blocks attributed to this pool by mempool.space over the last month \u2014 no separately attributed network share. Solo services and share-chains generally do not appear under their own name.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"Braiins Pool","operator":"Braiins Systems s.r.o. (founded 2010 as Slush Pool by Marek Palatinus)","operator_country":"CZ","fee_fpps_pct":2,"fee_pplns_pct":0,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"2% FPPS standard; 0% PPLNS; 0% FPPS for miners running Braiins OS+ firmware (confirmed from braiins.com\/pool). Miners on Braiins OS pay no pool fee regardless of payout scheme. Lightning payouts carry no additional fee and have no minimum. Verify at pool.braiins.com.","payout_scheme":"FPPS","payout_schemes_available":["FPPS","PPLNS"],"stratum_v2":true,"stratum_v2_note":"Braiins co-developed Stratum V2 alongside Bitcoin developer Matt Corallo. Full production SV2 support including Job Negotiation Protocol: miners can run a local Bitcoin node, build their own block templates, and propose them to the pool \u2014 the pool does not dictate transaction inclusion. World's first pool to offer SV2 job-negotiation in production.","block_template_control":true,"custodial":"partial","min_payout_btc":0.001000000000000000020816681711721685132943093776702880859375,"min_payout_note":"0.001 BTC on-chain minimum. No minimum via Lightning Network. Braiins was the first pool to offer Lightning payouts (February 2024); processes 1,000+ daily Lightning payments.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":4,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":1.9199999999999999289457264239899814128875732421875,"source_url":"https:\/\/pool.braiins.com\/","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"World's first Bitcoin mining pool (November 2010). Pioneer of Stratum V2: the only major established pool with full SV2 job-negotiation in production, letting miners select their own block transactions. Lightning payouts with no minimum. 0% fee for Braiins OS users. Its comparatively small network share (live figure in the Network % column) strengthens Bitcoin's decentralization. Shoulders-of-giants note: Slush Pool, Braiins, and Matt Corallo's work on SV2 laid the foundation for miner-controlled block templates.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"84 blocks attributed over the last month.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"DMND (Demand)","operator":"DMND Inc.","operator_country":"US","fee_fpps_pct":null,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"Not publicly posted on website. Launched with a 0% fee promotion for founding miners (first 2 months). Post-promotion standard fee unconfirmed. SLICE payout system described as fully auditable. Verify at dmnd.work for current rates.","payout_scheme":"SLICE","payout_schemes_available":["SLICE"],"stratum_v2":true,"stratum_v2_note":"DMND is purpose-built from inception on Stratum V2 using the Stratum Reference Implementation (SRI) codebase. Full SV2 Job Declaration: miners run their own Bitcoin nodes and select block transactions. First mining pool purpose-built entirely on SV2.","block_template_control":true,"custodial":"yes","min_payout_btc":null,"min_payout_note":"Not publicly confirmed as of June 2026. Verify at dmnd.work.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":4,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":0.0200000000000000004163336342344337026588618755340576171875,"source_url":"https:\/\/dmnd.work\/","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"Launched 2025 as the first mining pool purpose-built on Stratum V2 (SRI codebase). SLICE is an auditable, transparent proportional payout mechanism. Small hashrate as of June 2026 (recently launched). Significant for the SV2 ecosystem: demonstrates that a production pool can run entirely on open SV2 infrastructure from day one. Verify fees and payout details at source before routing hashrate.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"1 blocks attributed over the last month.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"OCEAN","operator":"OCEAN Mining (Luke Dashjr et al.)","operator_country":"GLOBAL","fee_fpps_pct":null,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"2% standard TIDES fee; 1% for miners using the DATUM Gateway (50% discount for supporting decentralized block template selection). TIDES is an auditable PPLNS variant, not FPPS. Confirmed from ocean.xyz and multiple sources. Verify at ocean.xyz.","payout_scheme":"TIDES","payout_schemes_available":["TIDES"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"OCEAN uses DATUM (Decentralized Alternative Template & Unified Mining) \u2014 a block template distribution protocol enabling miners to select their own transactions. DATUM is a distinct protocol from SV2 but achieves the same decentralization goal. Stratum V2 = false here reflects strict protocol labelling; block_template_control = true reflects the functional reality.","block_template_control":true,"custodial":"no","min_payout_btc":1.0000000000000000818030539140313095458623138256371021270751953125e-5,"min_payout_onchain_btc":0.0104857600000000002193889514501279336400330066680908203125,"min_payout_note":"On-chain payout threshold: 0.01048576 BTC (1,048,576 sats), with discretionary payouts above 0.00065536 BTC (source: ocean.xyz, verified 2026-07-13). Lightning payouts are possible below that standard threshold (0.00001 BTC). The headline 0.00001 BTC figure is Lightning-only \u2014 do not read it as the on-chain minimum. OCEAN pays miners directly in the block's coinbase transaction \u2014 the Bitcoin never enters OCEAN's wallet. Truly non-custodial.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":5,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":3.140000000000000124344978758017532527446746826171875,"source_url":"https:\/\/ocean.xyz\/","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"Maximum-decentralization pool. Non-custodial: miners are paid directly in the block's coinbase transaction \u2014 OCEAN never holds miner funds. DATUM allows miners to build their own block templates. 1% fee incentivizes DATUM adoption. TIDES is an auditable transparent PPLNS variant ensuring proportional payouts without a pool-held reserve. Tether (via its hashrate operations) deployed to OCEAN with DATUM in April 2025. Payout thresholds: 0.01048576 BTC on-chain (1,048,576 sats), 0.00001 BTC via Lightning. Shoulders-of-giants note: Luke Dashjr and the OCEAN team built on foundational Bitcoin infrastructure work by many contributors.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"137 blocks attributed over the last month.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null},{"name":"CKPool (Solo)","operator":"Dr. Con Kolivas (open-source individual, Australia)","operator_country":"AU","fee_fpps_pct":null,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"2% fee charged only on blocks found. If no block is found, no fee is ever paid. Miners keep 98% of block reward plus all transaction fees. Confirmed from solo.ckpool.org and multiple sources. Verify at source.","payout_scheme":"Solo","payout_schemes_available":["Solo"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"Uses Stratum V1. No SV2 job-negotiation. Block template is pool-constructed (CKPool selects transactions).","block_template_control":false,"custodial":"no","min_payout_btc":null,"min_payout_note":"No minimum threshold. 98% of full block reward (3.125 BTC post-halving + transaction fees) paid directly to miner's Bitcoin address on each block find. No block find = no payout.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":5,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":0.0200000000000000004163336342344337026588618755340576171875,"source_url":"https:\/\/solo.ckpool.org\/","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"Open-source solo pool operated by Dr. Con Kolivas since 2014. Non-custodial: payout goes directly to miner's Bitcoin address when a block is found. 40+ verified solo blocks found through CKPool since mid-2023, including three in early 2026 (block heights 943411, 944306, 951408). Fee is 2% but applies only to successful block finds \u2014 miners with no block finds pay nothing. Popular with home miners (Bitaxe, NerdQAxe clusters). Shoulders-of-giants: Con Kolivas's open-source work has been foundational to the solo-mining community.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"1 blocks attributed over the last month.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"Public Pool","operator":"Open-source community (publicpool.io)","operator_country":"GLOBAL","fee_fpps_pct":0,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"0% fee. Miners keep the full block reward plus all transaction fees when a block is found. No fee of any kind \u2014 confirmed from publicpool.io and blockdyor review.","payout_scheme":"Solo","payout_schemes_available":["Solo"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"Uses Stratum V1 for pool connectivity. Self-hosted version: miners run their own Bitcoin full node and construct block templates independently. Block template sovereignty achieved through node ownership, not SV2 job-negotiation over the pool connection.","block_template_control":true,"custodial":"no","min_payout_btc":null,"min_payout_note":"No minimum. Solo mining: a block find pays the entire reward (3.125 BTC post-halving + transaction fees) directly to miner's address. No block find = no payout.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":5,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":0.0200000000000000004163336342344337026588618755340576171875,"source_url":"https:\/\/web.public-pool.io\/","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"Open-source zero-fee solo pool. Non-custodial. Self-hostable: miners can run their own Public Pool node on their own Bitcoin full node, constructing their own block templates. Maximum sovereignty. Popular with home miners running Bitaxe, NerdQAxe, and similar open-source hashers. Payout variance is maximum (lottery model). No minimum payout \u2014 but also no guaranteed payout.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"1 blocks attributed over the last month.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"P2Pool","operator":"Decentralized peer-to-peer (no central operator)","operator_country":"GLOBAL","fee_fpps_pct":0,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"No central pool fee. Miners run their own P2Pool node and Bitcoin full node. Small transaction fees may apply at the individual node level per implementation. No entity controls or collects pool fees.","payout_scheme":"P2P Share-Chain","payout_schemes_available":["P2P Share-Chain"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"P2Pool uses its own peer-to-peer share-chain protocol, not SV2. Each P2Pool miner runs a Bitcoin full node and selects their own block transactions \u2014 achieving equivalent block template sovereignty to SV2 by architectural design, without using the SV2 protocol.","block_template_control":true,"custodial":"no","min_payout_btc":null,"min_payout_note":"Very low per-share payouts embedded directly in block coinbase outputs. Threshold varies by implementation; no central entity sets a minimum.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":5,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":null,"source_url":"https:\/\/en.bitcoin.it\/wiki\/P2Pool","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"Fully decentralized peer-to-peer mining pool with no central operator. Each P2Pool miner runs a Bitcoin full node and a P2Pool node, forming a share-chain that mirrors Bitcoin's own peer-to-peer model. Non-custodial: rewards included directly in block coinbase outputs. Each miner independently selects transactions \u2014 maximum decentralization. Requires technical setup (not beginner-friendly). Very small hashrate share. P2Pool is historically significant as the purest decentralization model for pooled mining. Shoulders-of-giants: P2Pool was designed and built by the Bitcoin open-source community and has informed subsequent decentralized pool designs including TIDES and DATUM.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"No blocks attributed to this pool by mempool.space over the last month \u2014 no separately attributed network share. Solo services and share-chains generally do not appear under their own name.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"SoloPool.com","operator":"SoloPool.com","operator_country":"GLOBAL","fee_fpps_pct":null,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"~2% fee charged only on a found block (coinbase-direct). Also offers a hybrid \"Solo Split\" mode (set a 0-100 solo:proportional ratio via the stratum password). Confirm the current fee at solopool.com before routing hashrate.","payout_scheme":"Solo","payout_schemes_available":["Solo"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"Stratum V1; pool-constructed block template.","block_template_control":false,"custodial":"no","min_payout_btc":null,"min_payout_note":"None \u2014 no account, wallet or withdrawal: a block find pays the full reward coinbase-direct to your Bitcoin address. No block = no payout.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":5,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":null,"source_url":"https:\/\/solopool.com\/","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"Multi-coin hosted solo pool; coins never touch its servers (non-custodial coinbase-direct payout). Point a miner at stratum.solopool.com:3333 with user=BTCaddress.worker. The \"Solo Split\" feature blends solo-lottery and proportional payout. Verify the current fee + exact endpoints at solopool.com.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"No blocks attributed to this pool by mempool.space over the last month \u2014 no separately attributed network share. Solo services and share-chains generally do not appear under their own name.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"Braiins Solo","operator":"Braiins Systems s.r.o. (Czechia)","operator_country":"CZ","fee_fpps_pct":null,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"0.5% fee on a found block; no registration. Confirm at solo.braiins.com \u2014 the fee is not restated on the current landing page, so treat it as unconfirmed until you check.","payout_scheme":"Solo","payout_schemes_available":["Solo"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"Stratum V1 for the solo service. (Braiins authored the Stratum V2 specification, but its solo product runs V1.)","block_template_control":false,"custodial":"no","min_payout_btc":null,"min_payout_note":"None \u2014 your BTC address is the miner ID written into the block template; a block find pays direct, no block = no payout.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":5,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":null,"source_url":"https:\/\/solo.braiins.com\/","source_note":"Previous source_url (academy.braiins.com\/en\/braiins-pool\/solo-mining\/) returns 404 as of 2026-07-13. Corrected to solo.braiins.com, which resolves to Braiins' live solo-mining service.","last_verified":"2026-07-13","notes":"Solo service from Braiins, the team behind the world's first Bitcoin mining pool (Slush Pool, 2010) \u2014 credited here as a foundational predecessor. Non-custodial, no registration. Three confirmed solo blocks in 2026 (heights 951771, 947128, 938092). Verify the current fee and the exact stratum host:port at solo.braiins.com.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"No blocks attributed to this pool by mempool.space over the last month \u2014 no separately attributed network share. Solo services and share-chains generally do not appear under their own name.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"AtlasPool","operator":"AtlasPool (atlaspool.io)","operator_country":"GLOBAL","fee_fpps_pct":null,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"1.5% fee on a found block \u2014 mid-range between Public Pool (0%) and CKPool (2%). Confirm at atlaspool.io.","payout_scheme":"Solo","payout_schemes_available":["Solo"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"Stratum V1; pool-constructed template.","block_template_control":false,"custodial":"no","min_payout_btc":null,"min_payout_note":"None \u2014 winner-takes-block, coinbase-direct to your address.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":5,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":null,"source_url":"https:\/\/atlaspool.io\/","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"Low-latency hosted solo pool (solo.atlaspool.io) with multiple global stratum endpoints \/ edge locations. NEWEST entrant \u2014 launched November 2025, so its longevity is not yet proven; verify it is still operating and confirm its fee\/endpoints at atlaspool.io before relying on it.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"No blocks attributed to this pool by mempool.space over the last month \u2014 no separately attributed network share. Solo services and share-chains generally do not appear under their own name.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"NiceHash EasyMining (solo)","operator":"NiceHash (hashpower marketplace \u2014 EasyMining is its solo-lottery product, NOT a mining pool)","operator_country":"GLOBAL","fee_fpps_pct":null,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"Per NiceHash, ~0.5% (you keep ~99.5% of the block reward + tx fees, paid direct to your address). You buy a fixed-price hashpower package with a stated probability\/reward, or rent hashrate pointed at a solo pool. Verify at nicehash.com\/solo-mining.","payout_scheme":"Solo","payout_schemes_available":["Solo"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"No public solo stratum \u2014 packages are bought in the EasyMining dashboard; hashpower-rental orders route to a chosen solo pool.","block_template_control":false,"custodial":"no","min_payout_btc":null,"min_payout_note":"Package-based; a winning package pays the block reward direct to your address. The marketplace order is funded from your NiceHash account balance.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":3,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":null,"source_url":"https:\/\/www.nicehash.com\/solo-mining","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"IMPORTANT classification: NiceHash is a hashpower MARKETPLACE, not a mining pool; EasyMining is its solo-lottery product. Many \"untagged\" solo blocks in 2025-26 are EasyMining packages, NOT independent home solo miners \u2014 NiceHash has publicly clarified this. Included so the distinction is explicit; treat it as a marketplace product, not a pool. Verify the 0.5% fee \/ 99.5% reward terms at nicehash.com\/solo-mining.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"No blocks attributed to this pool by mempool.space over the last month \u2014 no separately attributed network share. Solo services and share-chains generally do not appear under their own name.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null},{"name":"Self-hosted CKPool (run-your-own solo)","operator":"You (open-source ckpool software by Dr. Con Kolivas)","operator_country":"GLOBAL","fee_fpps_pct":null,"fee_pplns_pct":null,"fee_pps_plus_pct":null,"fee_note":"No pool fee \u2014 you run the software yourself. Default 0.5% donation to the ckpool author (configurable \/ removable in ckpool.conf). 100% of the block reward goes to your address.","payout_scheme":"Solo","payout_schemes_available":["Solo"],"stratum_v2":false,"stratum_v2_note":"Stratum V1, but YOU construct the block templates: ckpool talks to your own bitcoind via getblocktemplate (GBT), so template sovereignty comes from running your own node \u2014 equivalent autonomy to SV2 by architecture.","block_template_control":true,"custodial":"no","min_payout_btc":null,"min_payout_note":"None \u2014 you operate the pool; a block find pays the full reward coinbase-direct to your configured address.","open_to_public":true,"decentralization_score":5,"hashrate_share_pct_approx":null,"source_url":"https:\/\/bitbucket.org\/ckolivas\/ckpool\/","last_verified":"2026-06","notes":"Run the open-source ckpool software (the \"solobtc\" production branch) on your own Linux box + Bitcoin full node: set serverurl=0.0.0.0:3333 and your btcaddress in ckpool.conf. Maximum sovereignty \u2014 your own node, your own block templates, no third party. Distinct from the hosted solo.ckpool.org. Requires bitcoind + technical setup. Shoulders-of-giants: built on Con Kolivas's open-source ckpool.","hashrate_share_source":"Live: mempool.space 1-month block attribution, via the D-Central pool-centralization tracker","hashrate_share_as_of":"2026-07-15T09:43:49+00:00","hashrate_share_note":"No blocks attributed to this pool by mempool.space over the last month \u2014 no separately attributed network share. Solo services and share-chains generally do not appear under their own name.","status":"operating","sunset_at":null,"source_note":null,"min_payout_onchain_btc":null}]}