{"meta":{"title":"D-Central \u2014 ASIC Overclock Headroom by Cooling","description":"Per-model Bitcoin ASIC overclock headroom (20 rows) across air-stock \/ air-OC \/ immersion \/ factory-hydro cooling \u2014 sustainable hashrate, wall watts, efficiency and percent uplift, each A\/B\/C data-strength graded.","generated":"2026-09-13T09:02:49+00:00","last_verified":"July 2026","version":"1.0","license":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","license_name":"CC BY 4.0","source":"https:\/\/d-central.tech\/asic-overclock-headroom\/","record_count":20,"grade_key":"A = Strong (manufacturer datasheet: factory hydro variants + rated air specs); B = Moderate (field\/community overclock corroborated by 2+ sources); C = Limited (single-source or estimated).","provenance":"Manufacturer datasheets (Bitmain, MicroBT) for A-grade rows; immersion-farm \/ overclocking community reports for B\/C rows. NO first-party D-Central bench data \u2014 B\/C figures are reported field experience, never a D-Central-measured rate.","disclaimer":"Overclocking beyond stock voids warranties and can damage hardware; sustained figures depend on fluid, ambient, PSU and firmware. Confirm against the manufacturer spec and your own testing before relying on any figure. Manufacturer specs (A) and community\/field results (B\/C) are never blurred."},"rows":[{"model":"Antminer S19 Pro","chip":"BM1398","manufacturer":"Bitmain","cooling_mode":"air-stock","sustainable_hashrate_th":110,"wall_watts":3250,"efficiency_jth":29.5,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":0,"firmware_mode":"stock","junction_headroom_note":"Air baseline for the BM1398 'Pro' line. Forced air over finned heatsinks removes heat only from the top of the package; junction temperature (Tj) is the binding limit, so Bitmain rates the board at 110 TH. Reference point the hydro SKU is measured against.","data_grade":"A","grade_reason":"Bitmain factory air rating (110 TH \/ 3250 W \/ 29.5 J\/TH), confirmed against OEM support page.","source_url":"https:\/\/support.bitmain.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/900000261726-S19-Pro-Specifications","confidence":"high"},{"model":"Antminer S19 Pro Hyd (184TH)","chip":"BM1398","manufacturer":"Bitmain","cooling_mode":"hydro-factory","sustainable_hashrate_th":184,"wall_watts":5428,"efficiency_jth":29.5,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":67.2999999999999971578290569595992565155029296875,"firmware_mode":"factory","junction_headroom_note":"Same BM1398 silicon on a DENSER hydro hashboard (more chips per board) with a full-board liquid cold-plate; cooler Tj lets Bitmain factory-rate 184 TH at essentially the same 29.5 J\/TH (5428\/184). CAVEAT: the +67% blends BOTH more\/denser chips AND better cooling \u2014 it is NOT a like-for-like overclock of the air board.","data_grade":"A","grade_reason":"Bitmain factory rating, but 184 TH is the TOP bin of the S19 Pro Hydro line (also ships 170\/177 T per OEM\/reseller listings); +67% is the best-case bin, not the median. Multi-bin -> confidence medium.","source_url":"https:\/\/support.bitmain.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/8242056927257-S19-Pro-Hydro-Specifications","confidence":"medium"},{"model":"Antminer S19 XP","chip":"BM1366","manufacturer":"Bitmain","cooling_mode":"air-stock","sustainable_hashrate_th":141,"wall_watts":3010,"efficiency_jth":21.300000000000000710542735760100185871124267578125,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":0,"firmware_mode":"stock","junction_headroom_note":"Air baseline for the BM1366 (5nm) XP line. Bitmain markets 21.5 J\/TH; wall\/hashrate division of 3010 W \/ 141 TH = 21.3. Four-fan forced air caps board power to hold Tj at 141 TH.","data_grade":"A","grade_reason":"Bitmain factory air rating, confirmed across OEM\/reseller listings (141 TH \/ 3010 W; a few sheets list 3030 W).","source_url":"https:\/\/www.asicminervalue.com\/miners\/bitmain\/antminer-s19-xp-140th","confidence":"high"},{"model":"Antminer S19 XP Hyd (257TH)","chip":"BM1366","manufacturer":"Bitmain","cooling_mode":"hydro-factory","sustainable_hashrate_th":257,"wall_watts":5304,"efficiency_jth":20.60000000000000142108547152020037174224853515625,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":82.2999999999999971578290569595992565155029296875,"firmware_mode":"factory","junction_headroom_note":"Same BM1366 chip on a ~2x-density hydro hashboard; whole-board liquid cooling -> 257 TH factory vs 141 TH air (+82%, the largest air->hydro spread here). Marketed 20.8 J\/TH; 5304\/257 = 20.6 (some sheets list 5345 W). Uplift includes added chip count, not pure OC.","data_grade":"A","grade_reason":"Bitmain factory rating, confirmed (support.bitmain.com + multiple resellers); minor wall-power variance 5304-5345 W.","source_url":"https:\/\/support.bitmain.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/36035119865113-Bitcoin-Miner-S19-XP-Hyd-Specifications","confidence":"high"},{"model":"Antminer S19j Pro","chip":"BM1362","manufacturer":"Bitmain","cooling_mode":"air-stock","sustainable_hashrate_th":104,"wall_watts":3068,"efficiency_jth":29.5,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":0,"firmware_mode":"stock","junction_headroom_note":"Forced-air baseline: 4x ~35 W fans through one fin stack; junction temps cap sustainable board power at ~3068 W \/ 104 TH. No factory hydro variant of this SKU.","data_grade":"A","grade_reason":"Bitmain factory air rating (104 TH \/ 3068 W \/ 29.5 J\/TH), confirmed.","source_url":"https:\/\/hashrateindex.com\/blog\/the-ultimate-hardware-review-bitmain-antminer-s19j-pro\/","confidence":"high"},{"model":"Antminer S19j Pro","chip":"BM1362","manufacturer":"Bitmain","cooling_mode":"immersion-oc","sustainable_hashrate_th":136,"wall_watts":4000,"efficiency_jth":29.39999999999999857891452847979962825775146484375,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":30.800000000000000710542735760100185871124267578125,"firmware_mode":"advanced-OC firmware (BraiinsOS autotune)","junction_headroom_note":"Fans removed, dielectric fluid pulls heat off every surface; Braiins autotune field data ~136 TH at 4000 W (fans-off stock ~109, stock-power tune ~114.5). Requires an uprated PSU. Reported field result, NOT a Bitmain spec or a D-Central bench.","data_grade":"C","grade_reason":"DOWNGRADED B->C: rests on a SINGLE vendor source (Braiins, a firmware seller with promotional interest). An independent OC guide puts S19j Pro immersion OC lower at 120-130 TH, so 136 TH is the optimistic top of the range, not a 2-independent-source consensus.","source_url":"https:\/\/braiins.com\/blog\/economics-immersion-cooling-bitcoin-miners","confidence":"low"},{"model":"Antminer S19k Pro","chip":"BM1366","manufacturer":"Bitmain","cooling_mode":"air-stock","sustainable_hashrate_th":120,"wall_watts":2760,"efficiency_jth":23,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":0,"firmware_mode":"stock","junction_headroom_note":"Manufacturer-rated forced-air baseline (23 J\/TH, BM1366). Junction temps under air limit sustained board power. No factory hydro variant of this SKU.","data_grade":"A","grade_reason":"Bitmain factory air rating (120 TH \/ 2760 W \/ 23 J\/TH), confirmed.","source_url":"https:\/\/minerstat.com\/hardware\/bitmain-antminer-s19k-pro-120th","confidence":"high"},{"model":"Antminer S19k Pro","chip":"BM1366","manufacturer":"Bitmain","cooling_mode":"air-max-oc","sustainable_hashrate_th":130,"wall_watts":3350,"efficiency_jth":25.800000000000000710542735760100185871124267578125,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":8.300000000000000710542735760100185871124267578125,"firmware_mode":"advanced-OC firmware (VNish\/BraiinsOS)","junction_headroom_note":"On forced air the BM1366 tolerates only ~+8-12% before Tj throttles it; efficiency degrades to ~26 J\/TH. Reported community air-OC 130-140 TH; sustainable value taken at the low end (130 TH \/ 3350 W). Reported result, not a Bitmain spec.","data_grade":"C","grade_reason":"Single-source community air-OC estimate -> C.","source_url":"https:\/\/asicmarketplace.com\/blog\/bitmain-antminer-s19k-pro-detailed-review-specs-efficiency-and-real-world-performance\/","confidence":"low"},{"model":"Antminer S21","chip":"BM1368","manufacturer":"Bitmain","cooling_mode":"air-stock","sustainable_hashrate_th":200,"wall_watts":3500,"efficiency_jth":17.5,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":0,"firmware_mode":"stock","junction_headroom_note":"Air baseline for the BM1368 (5nm) S21 line (S21 and S21 Hyd share BM1368 per D-Central chip canon, NOT BM1366\/BM1370). Dual-fan forced air holds Tj at 200 TH \/ 17.5 J\/TH.","data_grade":"A","grade_reason":"Bitmain factory air rating, confirmed (200 TH \/ 3500 W \/ 17.5 J\/TH).","source_url":"https:\/\/miningnow.com\/asic-miner\/bitmain-antminer-s21-200th-s\/","confidence":"high"},{"model":"Antminer S21 (air unit in immersion)","chip":"BM1368","manufacturer":"Bitmain","cooling_mode":"immersion-oc","sustainable_hashrate_th":235,"wall_watts":4200,"efficiency_jth":17.89999999999999857891452847979962825775146484375,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":17.5,"firmware_mode":"advanced-OC firmware (VNish immersion profile)","junction_headroom_note":"An AIR S21 retrofitted into a dielectric tank (fans removed) \u2014 NOT the factory S21 Hydro (335 TH) or S21 Immersion SKU. The air unit's PSU headroom (~4000-4200 W) caps sustainable OC ~235 TH, far below factory-hydro. Extrapolated from S21 air-OC + immersion headroom; do NOT report at factory-hydro numbers.","data_grade":"C","grade_reason":"Extrapolated single-source estimate of an air unit in immersion; no independent field corroboration -> C.","source_url":"https:\/\/d-central.tech\/antminer-s21-review\/","confidence":"low"},{"model":"Antminer S21 (air unit, air-OC)","chip":"BM1368","manufacturer":"Bitmain","cooling_mode":"air-max-oc","sustainable_hashrate_th":215,"wall_watts":3850,"efficiency_jth":17.89999999999999857891452847979962825775146484375,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":7.5,"firmware_mode":"advanced-OC firmware (VNish\/LuxOS\/BraiinsOS)","junction_headroom_note":"S21 ships near its efficiency knee, so forced-air OC yields only ~5-15%; reported 215 TH at 3850 W (17.9 J\/TH). Single field figure from D-Central's OC guide. Reported result, NOT a Bitmain spec and NOT D-Central-bench-measured.","data_grade":"C","grade_reason":"Single-source community\/field air-OC estimate, no independent corroboration -> C.","source_url":"https:\/\/d-central.tech\/the-ultimate-guide-to-safe-and-effective-antminer-overclocking\/","confidence":"low"},{"model":"Antminer S21 Hyd (335TH)","chip":"BM1368","manufacturer":"Bitmain","cooling_mode":"hydro-factory","sustainable_hashrate_th":335,"wall_watts":5360,"efficiency_jth":16,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":67.5,"firmware_mode":"factory","junction_headroom_note":"Same BM1368 silicon, ~2x-chip hydro hashboard; liquid cold-plate contact -> 335 TH factory vs 200 TH air (+67.5%) AND a modest efficiency gain (16.0 vs 17.5 J\/TH, cooler junctions leak less). CAVEAT: uplift includes added chips, not a like-for-like OC.","data_grade":"A","grade_reason":"Bitmain factory rating, confirmed (335 TH \/ 5360 W \/ 16 J\/TH).","source_url":"https:\/\/www.asicminervalue.com\/miners\/bitmain\/antminer-s21-hyd-335th","confidence":"high"},{"model":"Antminer S21 XP","chip":"BM1370","manufacturer":"Bitmain","cooling_mode":"air-stock","sustainable_hashrate_th":270,"wall_watts":3645,"efficiency_jth":13.5,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":0,"firmware_mode":"stock","junction_headroom_note":"Air baseline for the BM1370 (5nm) XP line \u2014 Bitmain's most efficient air miner (13.5 J\/TH). Air cooling caps the board at 270 TH.","data_grade":"A","grade_reason":"Bitmain factory air rating, confirmed via OEM support page (270 TH \/ 3645 W \/ 13.5 J\/TH).","source_url":"https:\/\/support.bitmain.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/35383015643673-S21-XP-Specifications","confidence":"high"},{"model":"Antminer S21 XP Hyd (473TH)","chip":"BM1370","manufacturer":"Bitmain","cooling_mode":"hydro-factory","sustainable_hashrate_th":473,"wall_watts":5676,"efficiency_jth":12,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":75.2000000000000028421709430404007434844970703125,"firmware_mode":"factory","junction_headroom_note":"Same BM1370 silicon on a hydro hashboard; whole-surface liquid removal -> 473 TH factory vs 270 TH air (+75%) at class-leading 12.0 J\/TH (vs 13.5 air). CAVEAT: uplift blends more\/denser chips + cooling, not a like-for-like OC.","data_grade":"A","grade_reason":"Bitmain factory rating, confirmed via Bitmain support page (473 TH \/ 5676 W \/ 12 J\/TH).","source_url":"https:\/\/support.bitmain.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/34523540504857-S21-XP-Hyd-Specification","confidence":"high"},{"model":"Whatsminer M30S++","chip":"MicroBT ASIC (Samsung 8nm)","manufacturer":"MicroBT","cooling_mode":"air-stock","sustainable_hashrate_th":112,"wall_watts":3472,"efficiency_jth":31,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":0,"firmware_mode":"stock","junction_headroom_note":"Manufacturer-rated forced-air baseline (31 J\/TH, Samsung 8nm). Dual-tube air design; Tj caps sustained board power. No factory hydro variant of this SKU.","data_grade":"A","grade_reason":"MicroBT factory air rating (112 TH \/ 3472 W \/ 31 J\/TH), confirmed.","source_url":"https:\/\/www.asicminervalue.com\/miners\/microbt\/whatsminer-m30s-2","confidence":"high"},{"model":"Whatsminer M30S++","chip":"MicroBT ASIC (Samsung 8nm)","manufacturer":"MicroBT","cooling_mode":"immersion-oc","sustainable_hashrate_th":138,"wall_watts":4500,"efficiency_jth":32.60000000000000142108547152020037174224853515625,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":23.199999999999999289457264239899814128875732421875,"firmware_mode":"advanced-OC firmware (VNish immersion profile)","junction_headroom_note":"Immersion + an uprated (5-5.5 kW-capable) PSU lets the M30S++ hold higher board current fans-off; efficiency degrades to ~32-33 J\/TH. Reported ~138 TH at 4500 W. Reported field result, NOT a MicroBT spec.","data_grade":"C","grade_reason":"DOWNGRADED B->C: the cited 138.57 TH BiXBiT result is for the M30S+ V70 (100 TH stock) \u2014 a DIFFERENT, lower model than the M30S++ (112 TH stock); cross-model misattribution. The second 'Whatsminer firmware ~130 TH' claim is uncited. No 2 independent M30S++-specific sources.","source_url":"https:\/\/bixbit.io\/en\/documentation\/connecting-an-additional-variable-power-supply-unit\/6-example-of-m30s-v70-miner-25-overclocking","confidence":"low"},{"model":"Whatsminer M50S (126TH)","chip":"MicroBT 5nm (proprietary SHA-256)","manufacturer":"MicroBT","cooling_mode":"air-stock","sustainable_hashrate_th":126,"wall_watts":3276,"efficiency_jth":26,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":0,"firmware_mode":"stock","junction_headroom_note":"Air baseline for MicroBT's M5x (5nm) generation (126 TH \/ 26 J\/TH). Dual-fan forced air; heat is removed only from the heatsink face. Reference for the M53S hydro.","data_grade":"A","grade_reason":"MicroBT factory air rating (126 TH \/ 3276 W \/ 26 J\/TH), confirmed.","source_url":"https:\/\/minerstat.com\/hardware\/microbt-whatsminer-m50s","confidence":"high"},{"model":"Whatsminer M53S Hydro (260TH)","chip":"MicroBT 5nm (proprietary SHA-256)","manufacturer":"MicroBT","cooling_mode":"hydro-factory","sustainable_hashrate_th":260,"wall_watts":6760,"efficiency_jth":26,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":106.2999999999999971578290569595992565155029296875,"firmware_mode":"factory","junction_headroom_note":"Same M5x-gen (5nm) silicon on a hydro board; direct liquid contact -> ~2x the hashrate at the SAME 26 J\/TH. Baseline is the M50S air SKU \u2014 a cross-MODEL comparison within the M5x generation, not the same unit. M53\/M53S ship in several factory bins (226-276 TH); 260 TH \/ 6760 W is the bin used.","data_grade":"A","grade_reason":"MicroBT factory rating, confirmed (260 TH \/ 6760 W \/ 26 J\/TH); multi-bin line and cross-model air baseline -> confidence medium.","source_url":"https:\/\/miningnow.com\/asic-miner\/microbt-whatsminer-m53s-260th-s\/","confidence":"medium"},{"model":"Whatsminer M60 (172TH)","chip":"MicroBT 5nm (proprietary SHA-256)","manufacturer":"MicroBT","cooling_mode":"air-stock","sustainable_hashrate_th":172,"wall_watts":3422,"efficiency_jth":19.89999999999999857891452847979962825775146484375,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":0,"firmware_mode":"stock","junction_headroom_note":"Air baseline for MicroBT's M6x (5nm) generation, 172 TH \/ 3422 W \/ 19.9 J\/TH. Reference the M63S-series hydro is measured against.","data_grade":"A","grade_reason":"MicroBT factory air rating, confirmed (172 TH \/ 3422 W \/ 19.9 J\/TH).","source_url":"https:\/\/www.asicminervalue.com\/miners\/microbt\/whatsminer-m60-172th","confidence":"high"},{"model":"Whatsminer M63S Hydro (390TH)","chip":"MicroBT 5nm (proprietary SHA-256)","manufacturer":"MicroBT","cooling_mode":"hydro-factory","sustainable_hashrate_th":390,"wall_watts":7215,"efficiency_jth":18.5,"pct_uplift_vs_air_stock":126.7000000000000028421709430404007434844970703125,"firmware_mode":"factory","junction_headroom_note":"M6x-gen hydro flagship: dense multi-domain hydro boards with full-surface liquid cooling -> 390 TH vs the 172 TH M60 air (+127%) at 18.5 vs 19.9 J\/TH. Cross-MODEL baseline (M63S hydro vs M60 air, same generation). M63S ships in several bins (386\/390\/406\/416 TH); 390 TH \/ 7215 W used.","data_grade":"A","grade_reason":"MicroBT factory rating, confirmed (390 TH \/ 7215 W \/ 18.5 J\/TH); multi-bin + cross-model baseline -> confidence medium.","source_url":"https:\/\/hashrateindex.com\/rigs\/microbt-whatsminer-m63s-390-hydro-cooled","confidence":"medium"}]}