ASIC Cooling-Fitment Matrix: Air vs Hydro vs Immersion by Model
Quick answer
Not every Bitcoin ASIC can be cooled every way. This matrix maps 15 model families to how each can actually be cooled: its stock cooling, whether Bitmain/MicroBT ship a FACTORY hydro (water) variant, whether a FACTORY immersion variant ships, and whether the air unit can be converted to aftermarket immersion. Air units are cheapest and loudest; a factory hydro or immersion SKU is a purpose-built rack-dense unit; and any air ASIC can be converted to immersion — but that voids the manufacturer warranty.
Choose air for home/low-cost, a FACTORY hydro/immersion SKU for the densest, quietest, highest-overclock deployments, and aftermarket immersion only if you accept the warranty trade-off. Factory-variant cells here name a real SKU from the D-Central catalog; where none exists the cell is "—".
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Comparing the cooling methods themselves? See the ASIC cooling-methods comparison. Planning to reuse the heat? Use the mining heat calculator and the heat-reuse matrix. Every model here links to its full profile in the miner database.
| Model family | Stock | Factory hydro | Factory immersion | Aftermarket immersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antminer S9 / S9j / S9k | Forced air (2 fans) | Yes S9 Hydro (18 TH/s) | — | Convertible (voids warranty) |
| Antminer S17 / T17 | Forced air (4 fans) | — | — | Convertible (voids warranty) |
| Antminer T19 | Forced air (4 fans) | Yes T19 Hydro, T19 Pro Hyd | — | Convertible (voids warranty) |
| Antminer S19 | Forced air (4 fans) | Yes S19 Hydro | — | Convertible (voids warranty) |
| Antminer S19 Pro / S19 Pro+ | Forced air (4 fans) | Yes S19 Pro Hyd (177 TH/s), S19 Pro+ Hyd (191–198 TH/s) | — | Convertible (voids warranty) |
| Antminer S19j Pro / S19k Pro | Forced air (4 fans) | — | — | Convertible (voids warranty) |
| Antminer S19 XP / S19 XP+ | Forced air (4 fans) | Yes S19 XP Hyd (257 TH/s), S19 XP+ Hyd (279–293 TH/s), S19e XP Hydro (251 TH/s) | — | Convertible (voids warranty) |
| Antminer S21 | Forced air (4 fans) | Yes S21 Hyd (335 TH/s) | Yes S21 Immersion (227 / 301 TH/s) | Convertible (voids warranty) |
| Antminer S21 Pro | Forced air (4 fans) | — | — | Convertible (voids warranty) |
| Antminer S21+ / S21e | Forced air (4 fans) | Yes S21+ Hyd (358 TH/s), S21e Hyd (288–332 TH/s), S21e XP Hyd (3U) | — | Convertible (voids warranty) |
| Antminer S21 XP | Forced air (4 fans) | Yes S21 XP Hyd, S21 XP+ Hyd (500 TH/s) | Yes S21 XP Immersion | Convertible (voids warranty) |
| Antminer S23 | Forced air (4 fans) | Yes S23 Hyd, S23 Hyd (3U) | Yes S23 Immersion (368 / 442 TH/s) | Convertible (voids warranty) |
| Whatsminer M30S / M30S+ / M30S++ | Forced air (2 fans) | Yes M30S++ (Hydro) | — | Convertible (voids warranty) |
| Whatsminer M50 / M60 series | Forced air (2 fans) | Yes M53 / M53S / M53S+ (M50-gen hydro), M63 / M63S / M63S+ (M60-gen hydro) | Yes M56 / M56S / M56S+ (M50-gen immersion), M66 / M66S (M60-gen immersion) | Convertible (voids warranty) |
| Antminer L7 / L9 (Scrypt) | Forced air (4 fans) | — | — | Convertible (voids warranty) |
Antminer S9 / S9j / S9k S9
| Manufacturer | Bitmain |
|---|---|
| Stock cooling | Forced air (2 fans) |
| Factory hydro variant | Yes S9 Hydro (18 TH/s) |
| Factory immersion variant | — |
| Aftermarket immersion | Convertible — remove fans and submerge the whole unit in dielectric fluid (single- or two-phase). Aftermarket conversion voids the manufacturer warranty and needs a sealed tank + fluid + external heat exchanger. |
| Heat-reuse fit | Air exhaust ~55–70°C → space heat; the S9 Hydro loop feeds a low-grade hot-water/radiant loop. |
Notes: The legacy 16nm workhorse. A factory S9 Hydro shipped; the standard S9/S9j/S9k are forced-air and are the most commonly immersion-converted model at home scale.
Antminer S17 / T17 S17
| Manufacturer | Bitmain |
|---|---|
| Stock cooling | Forced air (4 fans) |
| Factory hydro variant | — |
| Factory immersion variant | — |
| Aftermarket immersion | Convertible — remove fans and submerge the whole unit in dielectric fluid (single- or two-phase). Aftermarket conversion voids the manufacturer warranty and needs a sealed tank + fluid + external heat exchanger. |
| Heat-reuse fit | Air exhaust ~55–70°C → space heat. |
Notes: No factory liquid variant. The 7nm S17/T17 generation ran hot and is a frequent aftermarket-immersion candidate to stabilise hashboard temperatures.
Antminer T19 S19
| Manufacturer | Bitmain |
|---|---|
| Stock cooling | Forced air (4 fans) |
| Factory hydro variant | Yes T19 Hydro, T19 Pro Hyd |
| Factory immersion variant | — |
| Aftermarket immersion | Convertible — remove fans and submerge the whole unit in dielectric fluid (single- or two-phase). Aftermarket conversion voids the manufacturer warranty and needs a sealed tank + fluid + external heat exchanger. |
| Heat-reuse fit | Air exhaust ~55–70°C → space heat; T19 Hydro coolant ~45–55°C → hot water. |
Notes: Value tier of the S19 platform; a factory T19 Hydro exists alongside the air model.
Antminer S19 S19
| Manufacturer | Bitmain |
|---|---|
| Stock cooling | Forced air (4 fans) |
| Factory hydro variant | Yes S19 Hydro |
| Factory immersion variant | — |
| Aftermarket immersion | Convertible — remove fans and submerge the whole unit in dielectric fluid (single- or two-phase). Aftermarket conversion voids the manufacturer warranty and needs a sealed tank + fluid + external heat exchanger. |
| Heat-reuse fit | Air exhaust ~55–70°C → space heat; S19 Hydro coolant ~45–55°C → hot water/radiant. |
Notes: Base S19 (BM1398). A factory S19 Hydro shipped for rack-dense deployments.
Antminer S19 Pro / S19 Pro+ S19
| Manufacturer | Bitmain |
|---|---|
| Stock cooling | Forced air (4 fans) |
| Factory hydro variant | Yes S19 Pro Hyd (177 TH/s), S19 Pro+ Hyd (191–198 TH/s) |
| Factory immersion variant | — |
| Aftermarket immersion | Convertible — remove fans and submerge the whole unit in dielectric fluid (single- or two-phase). Aftermarket conversion voids the manufacturer warranty and needs a sealed tank + fluid + external heat exchanger. |
| Heat-reuse fit | Air exhaust ~55–70°C → space heat; hydro loop ~45–55°C → hot water/radiant. |
Notes: The Pro and Pro+ both ship factory hydro variants at higher hashrate than the air units.
Antminer S19j Pro / S19k Pro S19
| Manufacturer | Bitmain |
|---|---|
| Stock cooling | Forced air (4 fans) |
| Factory hydro variant | — |
| Factory immersion variant | — |
| Aftermarket immersion | Convertible — remove fans and submerge the whole unit in dielectric fluid (single- or two-phase). Aftermarket conversion voids the manufacturer warranty and needs a sealed tank + fluid + external heat exchanger. |
| Heat-reuse fit | Air exhaust ~55–70°C → space heat. |
Notes: No factory liquid variant for the j Pro / k Pro. Within the S19 line the factory hydro flagships are the S19 Pro Hyd and S19 XP Hyd.
Antminer S19 XP / S19 XP+ S19
| Manufacturer | Bitmain |
|---|---|
| Stock cooling | Forced air (4 fans) |
| Factory hydro variant | Yes S19 XP Hyd (257 TH/s), S19 XP+ Hyd (279–293 TH/s), S19e XP Hydro (251 TH/s) |
| Factory immersion variant | — |
| Aftermarket immersion | Convertible — remove fans and submerge the whole unit in dielectric fluid (single- or two-phase). Aftermarket conversion voids the manufacturer warranty and needs a sealed tank + fluid + external heat exchanger. |
| Heat-reuse fit | Air exhaust ~55–70°C → space heat; hydro loop ~45–55°C → hot water/radiant. |
Notes: The 5nm XP (BM1366) tops the S19 line; its factory hydro variants push well past the air hashrate.
Antminer S21 S21
| Manufacturer | Bitmain |
|---|---|
| Stock cooling | Forced air (4 fans) |
| Factory hydro variant | Yes S21 Hyd (335 TH/s) |
| Factory immersion variant | Yes S21 Immersion (227 / 301 TH/s) |
| Aftermarket immersion | Convertible — remove fans and submerge the whole unit in dielectric fluid (single- or two-phase). Aftermarket conversion voids the manufacturer warranty and needs a sealed tank + fluid + external heat exchanger. |
| Heat-reuse fit | Air exhaust ~55–70°C → space heat; hydro/immersion capture a larger share for hot water or radiant loops. |
Notes: First S21-generation model with all three factory form factors in the catalog: air, hydro, and a factory Immersion SKU.
Antminer S21 Pro S21
| Manufacturer | Bitmain |
|---|---|
| Stock cooling | Forced air (4 fans) |
| Factory hydro variant | — |
| Factory immersion variant | — |
| Aftermarket immersion | Convertible — remove fans and submerge the whole unit in dielectric fluid (single- or two-phase). Aftermarket conversion voids the manufacturer warranty and needs a sealed tank + fluid + external heat exchanger. |
| Heat-reuse fit | Air exhaust ~55–70°C → space heat. |
Notes: The S21 Pro (BM1370) ships as an air unit; within the S21 series the factory liquid units are the S21 Hyd/Immersion, S21+ Hyd, S21e Hyd and S21 XP Hyd/Immersion rather than a dedicated "Pro Hyd".
Antminer S21+ / S21e S21
| Manufacturer | Bitmain |
|---|---|
| Stock cooling | Forced air (4 fans) |
| Factory hydro variant | Yes S21+ Hyd (358 TH/s), S21e Hyd (288–332 TH/s), S21e XP Hyd (3U) |
| Factory immersion variant | — |
| Aftermarket immersion | Convertible — remove fans and submerge the whole unit in dielectric fluid (single- or two-phase). Aftermarket conversion voids the manufacturer warranty and needs a sealed tank + fluid + external heat exchanger. |
| Heat-reuse fit | Air exhaust ~55–70°C → space heat; hydro loop ~45–55°C → hot water/radiant. |
Notes: The + and e sub-lines ship factory hydro units, several in a rack-dense 3U form factor.
Antminer S21 XP S21
| Manufacturer | Bitmain |
|---|---|
| Stock cooling | Forced air (4 fans) |
| Factory hydro variant | Yes S21 XP Hyd, S21 XP+ Hyd (500 TH/s) |
| Factory immersion variant | Yes S21 XP Immersion |
| Aftermarket immersion | Convertible — remove fans and submerge the whole unit in dielectric fluid (single- or two-phase). Aftermarket conversion voids the manufacturer warranty and needs a sealed tank + fluid + external heat exchanger. |
| Heat-reuse fit | Air exhaust ~55–70°C → space heat; hydro/immersion capture a larger share for hot water or radiant loops. |
Notes: Top of the S21 line; factory air, hydro (incl. a 500 TH/s XP+ Hyd) and a factory Immersion SKU all exist.
Antminer S23 S23
| Manufacturer | Bitmain |
|---|---|
| Stock cooling | Forced air (4 fans) |
| Factory hydro variant | Yes S23 Hyd, S23 Hyd (3U) |
| Factory immersion variant | Yes S23 Immersion (368 / 442 TH/s) |
| Aftermarket immersion | Convertible — remove fans and submerge the whole unit in dielectric fluid (single- or two-phase). Aftermarket conversion voids the manufacturer warranty and needs a sealed tank + fluid + external heat exchanger. |
| Heat-reuse fit | Air exhaust ~55–70°C → space heat; hydro/immersion capture a larger share for hot water or radiant loops. |
Notes: Next-generation flagship; ships in air, hydro (incl. 3U) and a factory Immersion SKU.
Whatsminer M30S / M30S+ / M30S++ M30
| Manufacturer | MicroBT |
|---|---|
| Stock cooling | Forced air (2 fans) |
| Factory hydro variant | Yes M30S++ (Hydro) |
| Factory immersion variant | — |
| Aftermarket immersion | Convertible — remove fans and submerge the whole unit in dielectric fluid (single- or two-phase). Aftermarket conversion voids the manufacturer warranty and needs a sealed tank + fluid + external heat exchanger. |
| Heat-reuse fit | Air exhaust ~55–70°C → space heat; the M30S++ Hydro loop feeds a hot-water/radiant loop. |
Notes: MicroBT ships a factory M30S++ Hydro. (MicroBT also offers hydro/immersion variants in its later M5x/M6x lines; the M30S++ Hydro is the one currently profiled in the D-Central catalog.)
Whatsminer M50 / M60 series M50/M60
| Manufacturer | MicroBT |
|---|---|
| Stock cooling | Forced air (2 fans) |
| Factory hydro variant | Yes M53 / M53S / M53S+ (M50-gen hydro), M63 / M63S / M63S+ (M60-gen hydro) |
| Factory immersion variant | Yes M56 / M56S / M56S+ (M50-gen immersion), M66 / M66S (M60-gen immersion) |
| Aftermarket immersion | Convertible — remove fans and submerge the whole unit in dielectric fluid (single- or two-phase). Aftermarket conversion voids the manufacturer warranty and needs a sealed tank + fluid + external heat exchanger. |
| Heat-reuse fit | Air exhaust ~55–70°C → space heat; the M5x/M6x hydro loops feed a hot-water/radiant loop. |
Notes: MicroBT encodes cooling in the model number's middle digit: M50/M60 are air, M53/M63 are hydro (water), and M56/M66 are immersion — so each generation ships all three form factors, and all are profiled in the D-Central catalog.
Antminer L7 / L9 (Scrypt) L (Scrypt)
| Manufacturer | Bitmain |
|---|---|
| Stock cooling | Forced air (4 fans) |
| Factory hydro variant | — |
| Factory immersion variant | — |
| Aftermarket immersion | Convertible — remove fans and submerge the whole unit in dielectric fluid (single- or two-phase). Aftermarket conversion voids the manufacturer warranty and needs a sealed tank + fluid + external heat exchanger. |
| Heat-reuse fit | Air exhaust ~55–70°C → space heat. |
Notes: Litecoin/Dogecoin Scrypt miners. The air L7/L9 have no factory liquid variant; the separate, newer L11 line adds a Scrypt hydro tier (the L11 Hyd 2U).
Factory hydro/immersion cells name a variant only where that exact SKU exists in the live D-Central miner database; cooling-method characteristics are grounded in the D-Central Mining Bible and mirror the cooling-methods comparison. Aftermarket immersion or hydro conversion of an air unit voids the manufacturer warranty — confirm terms with the manufacturer before purchase or conversion. Free CSV/JSON under CC BY 4.0.
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Last reviewed July 12, 2026.